PSY 320 Test 3 - Flashcards

Q: According to research by Collins and Quillian, the statement \"Siamese cats have blue eyes\" will be verified:

faster than \"Siamese cats give birth to live young.

Q: Contrary to the predictions of hierarchical models, Rips, Shoben, and Smith have found that people can verify the statement \"A pig is an animal\":

faster than \"A pig is a mammal.\"

Q: According to the typicality effect, the statement \"A dog is a household pet\" should be verified:

faster than \"A ferret is a household pet.\"

question

According to the notion of cognitive economy, a characteristic like "has wings" would be stored along with which of the following semantic memory nodes?

answer

bird

question

Properties and facts are stored at the highest level possible, according to the principle of:

answer

cognitive economy

question

According to research by Collins and Quillian, the statement "Siamese cats have blue eyes" will be verified:

answer

faster than "Siamese cats give birth to live young.

question

Collins and Quillian's hierarchical network model would predict that which of the following statements would take the LONGEST time to verify?

answer

Boo is a living thing.

question

Studies of semantic memory have shown that in a lexical decision task, people are faster at responding to the stimulus "bread" if it is paired with a stimulus such as:

answer

"butter."

question

Priming in lexical decision tasks may be explained by the idea of:

answer

spreading activation

question

Conrad has found evidence that the statement "A shark can move" can be verified in the same amount of time as "An animal can move." These results suggest that reaction time is best predicted by:

answer

frequency of association

question

Contrary to the predictions of hierarchical models, Rips, Shoben, and Smith have found that people can verify the statement "A pig is an animal":

answer

faster than "A pig is a mammal."

question

According to the typicality effect, the statement "A dog is a household pet" should be verified:

answer

faster than "A ferret is a household pet."

question

The word superiority effect is related to the idea of:

answer

spreading activation

question

Collins and Loftus's spreading activation theory differs from the hierarchical network theory in that:

answer

it dispenses with the idea of cognitive economy.

question

In Collins and Loftus's spreading activation theory, very similar concepts:

answer

are placed close to each other and have many connecting links.

question

ACT models distinguish among three types of memory systems:

answer

working memory, declarative memory, and procedural memory

question

According to ACT models, _______ memory represents information in if-then production rules.

answer

procedural

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the memory systems postulated by ACT?

answer

semantic memory

question

Which of the following would be a part of your declarative memory system?

answer

being able to name a hybrid car

question

Which of the following would be a part of your procedural memory system?

answer

knowing how to swing a baseball bat

question

According to Anderson, procedural memory represents information as:

answer

production rules.

question

In Anderson's ACT model, that part of declarative memory that is very highly activated at any particular moment is called:

answer

working memory.

question

Initially, the connections between units in a connectionist model have weights that are set:

answer

at random.

question

Which of the following is FALSE regarding a connectionist training "epoch"?

answer

It begins by generating a random output.

question

A ________ is a mental representation of some object, event, or pattern.

answer

concept

question

A ______ can be defined as a class of similar things that share either an essential core, or some similarity in perceptual, biological, or functional properties.

answer

category

question

Which of the following is NOT TRUE of the classical view of concepts?

answer

It accurately predicts the typicality effect.

question

Studies of concept usage have shown all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

There is high agreement between subjects on judgments such as "Do BOOKENDS belong to the category FURNITURE?"

question

"Characteristic features" and "family resemblance" are important aspects of the _________ view of concepts.

answer

prototype

question

Which of the following is a good example of a basic level of categorization?

answer

piano

question

If "soda" is a basic-level category, then ______ would be a subordinate level.

answer

Coca-Cola

question

If "sandwich" is a basic-level category, then ______ would be a superordinate level.

answer

food

question

Which of the following is a good example of a superordinate level of categorization?

answer

Fruit

question

Which of the following poses a problem for the prototype view of concepts?

answer

an inability to explain why the typicality of a particular instance can depend upon context

question

According to the ______ view of concepts, people categorize new instances by comparing them to representations of previously stored instances.

answer

exemplar

question

In Reber's studies of nonanalytic concept formation in which participants attempted to learn to categorize letter strings derived from complex "grammars,"

answer

participants who learned letter strings that followed the grammar made fewer errors than control participants learning random strings.

question

Which of the following factors does NOT encourage a person to store information about particular exemplars, according to Brooks?

answer

We know in advance how we will be called upon to use our newly acquired information later.

question

Implicit learning is also known as:

answer

nonanalytic concept formation.

question

The _____ view of concepts argues that concepts include representations of at least some individual instances and not only abstract summaries.

answer

both exemplar and schemata

question

The schema view of concept formation assumes that:

answer

information is abstracted across instances.

question

Rumelhart and Ortony viewed ____ as the fundamental building blocks of cognition.

answer

schemata

question

Which of the following is true regarding schemata?

answer

Schemata can indicate relationships among various pieces of information.

question

You might have a "script" for:

answer

what happens when you go to the barber/hairstylist.

question

If information from a story is presented in scrambled order,

answer

people tend to recall it in the scripted order.

question

A schema for a routine event, such as going to the dentist, is called a:

answer

script.

question

Bower, Black, and Turner investigated people's use of scripts and found high agreement about:

answer

characters, props, actions, and level of description.

question

Research on scripts has shown all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

Central concepts of a script are less well remembered than other events in a story, because they are taken for granted.

question

Which of the following would NOT be likely to be a part of your "restaurant" script?

answer

picking up your fork

question

The ______ view of concepts argues that a person uses his/her theories about the way the world works to justify the classification of instances in the same category.

answer

knowledge-based

question

Which of the following is an example of a nominal-kind category?

answer

triangle

question

Which of the following would be considered an example of a "natural kind" concept?

answer

wolf

question

Which of the following approaches would definitely NOT be characterized as a similarity-based approach to conceptual structure?

answer

knowledge-based

question

Research conducted under the framework of "psychological essentialism" has suggested that:

answer

we use a knowledge-based approach to classify artifact concepts.

question

Behaviorists objected to the study of visual imagery because:

answer

it cannot be investigated with sufficient scientific control.

question

Several mnemonic devices, including the method of loci, the pegword method, and the method of interacting images, have in common their reliance on:

answer

visual imagery.

question

Paivio's ____ hypothesis argues that long-term memory contains two separate systems that represent information in verbal and visual forms, respectively.

answer

dual code

question

In Paivio's study of paired-associate learning, subjects learned four types of word pairs: I. concrete-concrete (for example, book-table) II. concrete-abstract (for example, book-freedom) III. abstract-concrete (for example, freedom-table) IV. abstract-abstract (for example, freedom-honesty) Which of the following accurately portrays participants' recall of the four types of pairs, from highest recall to lowest?

answer

I, II, III, IV

question

The dual coding hypothesis states that recall will be best when items are coded:

answer

both visually and verbally.

question

According to the dual-coding hypothesis, which of the following word pairs would be easiest to remember?

answer

ferret-catalog

question

The relational-organizational hypothesis is supported by:

answer

the fact that noninteractive images do not facilitate recall whereas interactive images do facilitate recall.

question

Which of the following methods would most help you to remember the word pair "elephant-cigar"?

answer

visualizing an elephant smoking a cigar

question

When participants in an experiment were asked to imagine a letter and mentally move clockwise around the letter's corners,

answer

they could respond more quickly in verbal form than by pointing.

question

Forming a visual image and then moving from one location on the image to another is known as:

answer

imaginal scanning.

question

According to the symbolic distance effect, which of the following questions would be answered most quickly?

answer

Which is bigger, a mouse or a house?

question

Which of the following questions would take you the LONGEST TIME to answer?

answer

Which is faster, a snail or a caterpillar?

question

Studies of mental rotation have shown all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

Mental rotations are faster when done in a clockwise direction than in a counterclockwise direction.

question

Cooper's studies of the mental rotation of complex polygons indicated that:

answer

people rotated more complex polygons in the same amount of time as simpler polygons.

question

The results from the studies of Kosslyn, Ball, and Reiser indicated that:

answer

subjects' reaction times to mentally "scan" across a map of an island were strongly correlated with the distance scanned.

question

Barbara Tversky's research suggests that people's mental maps are:

answer

systematically distorted by the use of heuristics.

question

Your mental map of your campus is probably:

answer

more regular, with more straight lines and right angles, than reality.

question

Research by Chambers and Reisberg indicated that:

answer

people frequently spontaneously reverse ambiguous pictures but not ambiguous visual images.

question

Research by Chambers and Reisberg on ambiguous figures such as the duck/rabbit showed that:

answer

different people can form different mental images of the same physical stimulus.

question

When comparing people's speed at reasoning with abstract concepts (smarter- dumber), spatial concepts (above-below), and visual relationships (cleaner-dirtier), Knauff and Johnson found that ______ relationships had the slowest performance.

answer

visual

question

Which of the following is NOT one of Finke's principles describing the fundamental nature and properties of visual images?

answer

Images contain only information that has been intentionally stored.

question

Finke theorized that there are _____ principles of mental imagery.

answer

Five

question

Finke's principle of _____ states that mental imagery allows us to retrieve information that was not intentionally stored.

answer

implicit encoding

question

Which is NOT one of Finke's principles of visual imagery?

answer

perceptual equivalence.

question

Both blind and sighted participants take longer to "scan" the visual image of a map when the actual distance between two landmarks is greater. This illustrates the idea of:

answer

spatial equivalence.

question

Visual images are formed in pieces that are assembled into a final product. This is a statement of the principle of:

answer

structural equivalence.

question

One criticism of visual imagery research is that the studies:

answer

may involve demand characteristics.

question

When the experimental task itself "cues" the subject about how to behave, the task is said to have:

answer

demand characteristics.

question

Images can prime the visual pathway, making it easier to detect a faint stimulus. This is an example of:

answer

perceptual equivalence.

question

When an experimenter gives subtle cues to participants about how to behave, we say that a(n) ______ has occurred.

answer

experimenter-expectancy effect

question

Nickerson and Adams showed that when it comes to memory for commonly seen objects like pennies.

answer

people are not very good at recognizing a penny even though they see it frequently.

question

A propositional representation is thought to be ______ in nature.

answer

neither verbal nor visual

question

Some theorists believe that there is a single code for all types of information; this code is known as a _______ representation.

answer

propositional

question

Kosslyn compared people's verification times for statements like "Cats have claws" (high association, small visual part of a cat) to "Cats have heads" (low association, large visual part of a cat). He found that people were:

answer

faster at verifying "heads" when they used imagery, "claws" when they did not.

question

Neurological studies indicate that processing mental images activates:

answer

areas of the brain involved in visual perception.

question

Participants doing mental imagery tasks tend to show brain activity in the:

answer

occipital lobe.

question

Your occipital lobe would be activated when you:

answer

perform a mental rotation task.

question

When you imagine hearing a song, which part of your brain is probably active?

answer

temporal lobes

question

The temporal lobes would be most active when you:

answer

imagine listening to your favorite song.

question

Which of the following studies is least susceptible to demand characteristics?

answer

PET scan studies

question

How do people represent and navigate in and through space? This is a question of

answer

spatial cognition.

question

According to Barbara Tversky, there are three types of "space" that result in different types of spatial cognition: space of the body, space around the body, and:

answer

space of navigation.

question

Knowledge of where your feet are located right now is part of your cognition of the:

answer

space of the body.

question

Tversky's work suggests that people localize objects along which of these axes?

answer

left-right, up-down, and front-back

question

The process of ______ occurs when we move through space and revise our mental representations of where things are in the environment.

answer

spatial editing

question

Which of the following is/are generally agreed upon as necessary criteria/criterion for claiming that a communication system is a language?

answer

both regularity and productivity

question

Infinite combinations of ideas can be expressed in language. In other words, language is:

answer

productive.

question

Bird songs and bee dances are not considered to be languages because:

answer

they cannot express infinite combinations of ideas.

question

The study of the ways in which sounds can be combined in any given language is called:

answer

phonology.

question

Which of the following is an example of a phoneme?

answer

z

question

The smallest unit of language that carries a consistent meaning is called a:

answer

morpheme.

question

Which of the following is an example of a morpheme?

answer

both "book" and "re-"

question

The branch of linguistics devoted to the study of meaning:

answer

semantics

question

The underlying knowledge that allows people to produce and comprehend their language is called:

answer

linguistic competence.

question

English speakers hear a distinction between "l" and "r" sounds; speakers of some Chinese dialects do not hear this distinction. This example illustrates a difference in the ______ aspects of the two languages.

answer

phonetic

question

Some African languages allow two consonants to appear together at the beginning of a word (as in "Nkomo"); English does not allow this to occur unless the first consonant is an "S" (as in "skull"). This example illustrates a difference in the ________ of the two languages.

answer

phonology

question

Preposing (moving a certain part of a sentence to the beginning of the sentence) is syntactically "legal" when:

answer

the moved segment constitutes a complete constituent of a certain type.

question

Which of the following is NOT a kind of syntactic rule proposed by Chomsky?

answer

illegal contraction rule

question

According to the study of semantics, understanding the meaning of a sentence requires which of the following conditions?

answer

understanding of the meaning of the words, the syntax of the sentence, and the truth conditions of the sentence

question

Which of the following is an example of an anomaly?

answer

"Chocolate frosting can ice skate."

question

The sentence "A turkey sandwich can read a book" is an example of:

answer

an anomaly.

question

Which of these is an example of self-contradiction?

answer

My parrot is not a bird.

question

A statement like "This apple is not a fruit" is an example of:

answer

a self-contradiction.

question

"Terry is a bachelor" implies that Terry is male, according to the principle of:

answer

entailment.

question

"George is not tall enough to ride the roller coaster." "George is too short to ride the roller coaster." These sentences are related through:

answer

synonymy.

question

"I saw a bat in the corner." Does bat refer to a baseball bat, or a flying mammal? This confusion illustrates a problem of:

answer

ambiguity.

question

A speech act such as "I promise to study my psychology textbook tonight" is called a(n):

answer

commissive.

question

Which of the following is an example of an assertive speech act?

answer

I'm a Democrat.

question

Which of the following is an example of a directive speech act?

answer

Open the door.

question

Speech acts in which the utterance itself is the action—such as "You're fired!"—are considered to be which type of speech act?

answer

declaration

question

According to Miller, a fundamental problem of speech perception is:

answer

speech is continuous rather than discrete.

question

A fundamental problem of speech perception, according to Miller, is that:

answer

a single phoneme sounds different depending on its context.

question

Warren and Warren showed that when presented with a sentence where a sound was replaced by a cough (represented by * here), such as "It was found that the *eel was on the axle,"

answer

people said that they heard the entire word "wheel" without being aware of anything odd in the sentence.

question

Studies of context and speech perception have shown all of the following phenomena EXCEPT:

answer

Subjects notice a discrepancy when they hear the sound "ba" pronounced but the visual cue is consistent with a different phoneme ("da").

question

Studies of speech errors suggest that:

answer

choosing a word's meaning and a word's form appear to be separate processes that operate at different times in speech production.

question

Which of these speech errors is LEAST likely to occur in actual conversation?

answer

saying "lobster" instead of "oyster"

question

Studies of sentence comprehension have shown all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

We do not process exact wording in memory; we only process meaning.

question

Did she say "many" or "men knee"? This type of ambiguity is referred to as:

answer

phonetic.

question

"I'm going to meet him at the bank." At the First National Bank, or at the river bank? This type of ambiguity is referred to as:

answer

lexical.

question

"Have the missionaries eaten?" Is this a question spoken by the bishop, or an order given by the cannibal chief? This type of ambiguity is referred to as:

answer

syntactic.

question

We notice ambiguities in sentences:

answer

in "garden path" sentences.

question

Swinney's research suggests that when we encounter a lexically ambiguous word,

answer

we process both meanings at first, then suppress the inappropriate meaning.

question

Which of the following does NOT make a passage of text easier to comprehend, according to research?

answer

providing a relevant context after the passage has been read

question

The average eye fixation lasts about:

answer

250 milliseconds

question

You are reading the sentence "Flywheels are one of the oldest mechanical devices known to man." On which of the following words are you likely to spend the LEAST time fixating?

answer

to

question

Kintsch and Keenan found that we spend more time reading sentences that have:

answer

more propositions.

question

According to research, which of the following sets of sentences would take the longest amount of time to read and comprehend?

answer

She wrapped the Christmas presents. The sweater needed a larger box.

question

In Bransford and Johnson's experiment, people could recall an average of 8.0 out of 14 possible ideas when given a proper context before the passage. However, when the context was provided after the passage, people could recall an average of ______ out of 14 ideas.

answer

3.6

question

Which of the following is NOT true of story grammars?

answer

We typically have better recall of stories that do not conform to expected story grammars, because they warrant more attention.

question

Pragmatic rules of conversation lead us to expect our conversational partners to conform to all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

grammatical correctness

question

"What's for dinner?" "Food." The second speaker is breaking Grice's maxim of

answer

quantity.

question

"Have you seen my cell phone?" "I watched a great movie tonight." The second speaker is violating Grice's maxim of:

answer

relation.

question

Fodor's modularity hypothesis proposes that:

answer

certain language processes operate independently of other cognitive processes such as memory and attention.

question

Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis:

answer

asserts that thought is dependent upon language, and is not supported by studies of color perception.

question

Damage to Broca's area often leads to:

answer

expressive aphasia.

question

_____ is defined as "going beyond the information given."

answer

Thinking

question

________ thinking begins with a clear starting point and has a specific goal.

answer

Focused

question

Introspection is the _____ observation of your consciousness.

answer

detailed

question

The detailed, concurrent, and nonjudgmental observation of the contents of your consciousness is called:

answer

introspection.

question

A(n) _______ problem has a clear goal, a small set of starting information, and rules about how to attain the goal.

answer

well-defined

question

Which of the following is the best example of a well-defined problem?

answer

constructing a proof in algebra

question

Psychologists focus on well-defined problems because:

answer

they are easy to present.

question

Think of 10 animal names that begin with the letter R. This problem would probably be solved using a ______ technique.

answer

productive-thinking

question

You encounter the following problem during next term's registration. One of the classes you planned to take is full, with no chance of your getting in. You need another class, and the only constraint it has to meet is that it must meet at either 10:00 or 11:00. So, you read systematically through the catalog, writing down the titles of any courses that sound interesting. When your list is complete, you look up meeting times, and cross out any courses that do not meet at 10:00 or 11:00. Next, you go to the registrar's office and find that one of the remaining courses has open spaces, so you sign up for it. You can correctly be described as having used:

answer

generate-and-test.

question

The problem-solving technique of ______ involves comparing the goal with the starting point, thinking of possible ways to overcome the distance between them, and choosing the best one.

answer

means-end analysis

question

Earning a degree in psychology can be described as an exercise in problem solving. To finish your degree, you need to complete a number of upper-level courses. To enroll in those courses, you must have successfully completed a course in Research Methods. But before you can take Research Methods, you need to have passed Statistics. Your progress through this series of subgoals can be accomplished through:

answer

means-end analysis.

question

The General Problem Solver (GPS) is a computer program that solves problems in crypt arithmetic and logic using:

answer

means-end analysis.

question

The strategy of working backward is most effective when:

answer

the backward path is unique.

question

______ is a very important technique for solving the Towers of Hanoi problem.

answer

Working backward

question

You are attempting to find the home of a friend whom you have not visited in many years. When you arrive in her town, you remember to drive south on Main Street and turn left on Elm. Once on Elm, however, you become less certain. Driving farther, you reach the intersection of Elm and Sycamore. You remember this intersection, but you cannot remember whether you should turn here or go on a little farther. You temporarily assume that you should go on. However, about a block farther on, you reach a dead end. Retracing your route, you realize now that the correct option would have been to turn on Sycamore. You have used the technique of:

answer

backtracking.

question

In working a logic problem, you often need to make certain provisional assumptions, but sometimes they turn out to be wrong and need to be "unmade." The process of keeping track of assumptions so that you can back up to point of choice is called:

answer

backtracking.

question

When one recalls the solution to an old problem and uses it to solve a new, similarly structured problem, one has reasoned by:

answer

analogy.

question

The tumor problem and the story of the general were used in research on:

answer

reasoning by analogy.

question

Gick and Holyoak's work on reasoning by analogy showed that:

answer

subjects could reason from analogy after either (1) being explicitly told to do so, or (2) having seen two analogous problems, but otherwise they did not spontaneously reason from analogy.

question

A tendency to adopt a certain framework, strategy, or procedure, which can become an obstacle to successful problem solving, is called:

answer

mental set

question

When you adopt a certain framework or strategy for solving a series of problems, you may fail to see other, more efficient ways of solving some of the problems. This is referred to as:

answer

mental set.

question

Mental set:

answer

can lead us to make unwarranted assumptions about a problem.

question

Adoption of a rigid mental set toward an object is called:

answer

functional fixedness.

question

The string problem often generates ______ when participants do not think to use the screwdriver as a pendulum.

answer

functional fixedness

question

The domino and checkerboard problem is a good example of:

answer

incomplete representation.

question

Study of chess masters indicate that masters:

answer

extract more information from a brief exposure to a chess board.

question

Gobet and Simon's study of the chess-playing abilities of champion Gary Kasparov indicated that:

answer

Kasparov plays almost as well playing eight games simultaneously as he does playing a single game.

question

Experts in solving physics problems:

answer

tend to organize problems in terms of physics principles.

question

Patient P.F., an architect who suffered stroke damage to his right prefrontal cortex, was later unable to:

answer

move from problem structuring to a developed and detailed design.

question

In research on mental search of a "problem space," a "path" is:

answer

a sequence of moves beginning at the initial state and ending at the final goal state.

question

The problem space hypothesis helps us to understand how problem solving can be blocked by:

answer

incomplete representations.

question

Expert systems typically contain all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

an answer key.

question

Muckraker is an expert system designed to give advice to:

answer

journalist.

question

________ involves appropriate novelty in generating solutions.

answer

Creativity

question

When you walk away from a difficult problem and do something else for a while, then come back and solve the problem successfully, you have experienced the:

answer

incubation effect.

question

Research on the incubation effect has shown that:

answer

participants who take physical and mental breaks rarely show increased ability to solve problems.

question

According to Perkins, good critical thinking requires:

answer

a large knowledge base and a willingness to raise objections to one's own ideas.

question

Learning how to find the area of a parallelogram will be most effective when it involves:

answer

grasping the essential structure of the problem.

question

Critical thinking involves all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

criticizing the ideas of other people.

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