PSY 313 Ch 8-10 – Flashcards

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Brad knows that he sometimes loses his temper and gets angry at his friends. What aspect of self-definition is he developing?
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A real self
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Which of the following is NOT a common reaction of children of divorce?
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Happiness that the parents' fighting is over
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Which kind of parent tends not to set rules, but allows children to monitor their own behavior?
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permissive
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Which of the following elements is NOT included by Robert Sternberg in his triarchic theory of intelligence?
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Conceptual
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The main determinant of the success of joint custody is
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The amount of conflict between parents.
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A child is told that Bob is older than Sally, and Sally is older than Fred. When asked "Who is older, Bob or Fred?" the child replies, "Bob". This child is demonstrating ____ ____ ability.
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Transitive inference
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Studies that have been done on TV violence and aggressive behavior in young children have shown that
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Children, especially those from families where harsh discipline is used, are more vulnerable to TV violence.
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According to traditional social learning theory, children acquire gender roles by observing models. Children then
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pick models that are powerful and nurturing.
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The practice of promoting children who do not meet grade-level academic standards is called ___ promotion, and there continues to be disagreement about the effectiveness of its practice.
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social
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Social learning theory would predict that a boy's peers will provide
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reinforcement for gender-typed behavior
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The most prevalent chronic illness in childhood is
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asthma
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According to Kohlberg, children learn their gender through
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their own active mental classification and organization of behavior.
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Resilient children are most likely to be all of the following EXCEPT
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experiencing a challenging situation or frustrating problem for the first time
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Factors that have consistently been related to prosocial behavior include
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age of the child
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The criterion most commonly used to identify gifted children eligible for special programs is
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IQ scores
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The most common mnemonic strategy aiding both children and adults is the use of
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external memory aids
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Disorders that interfere with specific aspects of school achievement are called
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learning disabilities
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Carnia has been placed in a school program for gifted children. She was probably selected because she
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has a high IQ
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The judgment children make about their overall worth is their
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self-esteem
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The more bilingually proficient children are, the more
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their cognitive and linguistic achievement.
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Since people often become hostile when someone acts aggressively toward them, a hostile attribution bias may become a
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self-fulfilling prophecy
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Billy's mother has sent him to the store to buy eggs, bread, and milk. To remember these items, Billy repeats their names. He is using ___ to remember the items
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rehearsal
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Brian is shown a picture with two cows and four horses in it. When he is asked if there are more horses or animals in the picture, Brian replies that there are more animals. Brian is demonstrating the classification ability of
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class inclusion
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Jessica imitates her mother's gestures, speech, and behaviors. Which of the following terms describes this?
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identification
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Which parenting style seems to promote the development of intrinsic motivation?
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Authoritative
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The skills involved in developing metacognition include all of the following EXCEPT
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improving spelling
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Krista suffers from asthma that frequently keeps her out of school and limits her participation in physical activities. Which of the following is NOT a potential risk factor?
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all of these
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According to Selma, school-age children are at which stage of friendship?
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2 - two way fair-weather cooporation
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Gender refers to
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what it means to be male or female
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All of the following determine sibling roles and relationships in nonindustrialized societies EXCEPT
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family income
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During the school years, aggression declines and changes from overt aggression to
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relational
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Which of the following statements regarding the friendships of school-age girls is TRUE?
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Girls tend to have close friends
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Milton is 8-years old. According to Harter's research, what is the single most important aspect of Milton's life that will determine his sense of self-worth?
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positive regard from parents and peers
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Which of the following terms does Elkind use to describe a child who is expected to grow up too soon?
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hurried
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The most common arrangement for children following divorce is to live with their
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mother
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Which of the following statements about the images of males and females on television is true?
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gender stereotypes are more pronounced on television than in real life
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Donald's reading level is about 2 years behind his age group. He also has some difficulty with arithmetic. It is probable that Ronald is suffering from
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dyslexia
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In research described in your textbook, which of the following was NOT encouraged in Anglo-American preschools?
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academic skills development
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A child with high self-esteem would
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volunteer to help someone else
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During middle childhood, metamemory
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increases
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Dave is a very overweight child. Which of the following is true about Dave?
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He probably watches more television than other children
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In socializing children, parents generally
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give girls more latitude than boys with regard to gender roles.
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Freddie is trying to learn the names of the first five presidents of the United States. To help him, his mother makes up a story using the five names in it, and then teaches it to Freddie. Freddie's mother is using the mnemonic device of
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elaboration
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A prime time for bullying to take place is during
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middle childhood
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Marry has been asked to think of as many uses for a shoebox as possible. She responds by saying that a shoebox is only used to hold shoes. Marry is displaying
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convergent thinking.
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When children talk about their own concrete, observant behaviors, they are defining
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self
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Research suggests that the most self-reliant, self-controlled, and contented children have parents who are
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authoritative
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Research with gifted children has shown that
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many children would benefit from some combination of acceleration and enrichment
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Mark and Linda are trying to decide whether or not to end their marriage of 20 years. Their one daughter Melanie is the key issue. She is an intelligent, well-adjusted 16-year-old with no serious problems, a great sense of self-control and adequate coping skills. The counselor would suggest that Melanie will
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Experience immediate devastation at the traumatic event and then become more competent and independent
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Douglas lives in a home where everyone is expected to get along. No fighting or disagreeable behavior is tolerated. If his parents show disapproval of his negative behavior, Douglas is likely to
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experience an impairment in his social adjustment.
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Jenny offered to share her peanut butter and jelly sandwich (her favorite kind) with another child who has no lunch. Jenny is most likely to be
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advanced in moral reasoning
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Melissa is 4 years old, and now wants to avoid dressing "like a boy". She talks about being "a wife and mommy" when she grows up. Melissa is engaged in the process of
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gender-typing
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Four-year-old Marcie would like to hide her little brother's toys in the basement. However, she realizes this will make her brother cry, and wonders if she will feel bad about this. According to Erickson, Marcie is experiencing the conflict of
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initiative versus guilt
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In addition to the usual issues of parenthood, adoptive parents also typically have to deal with all of the following EXCEPT
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adoptive parents have to deal with all of these
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What is the estimated percentage of children under 18 years age who are blind or visually impaired?
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13 percent
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During middle childhood ___ medical condition are common and ___ medical conditions are rare.
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acute; chronic
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Which of the following helps children deal with their fears?
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instilling a sense of trust and normal caution
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A repetitive, persistent pattern of aggressive antisocial acts, such as truancy, setting fires, habitual lying, fighting, vandalism, and use of guns is called
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conduct disorder
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Mary Beth, age 10, finds excuses not to sleep overnight at her friends' homes and shown no interest in going back to camp this summer. When she went on a weekend trip with her school chorus, she became nauseated and had to come home. This sort of thing has been going on for several weeks, ever since her pet cat died. Mary Beth
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may be suffering from separation anxiety disorder
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According to the text, which of the following is a reason for the difficulty that 3-year-olds have in understanding their own emotions?
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They do not recognize that they can experience different emotions at the same time.
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If punishment is used, it is best administered
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as soon as the unacceptable behavior begins
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As children approach adolescence, how well parents ___ may be more important than whether a mother works outside the home.
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keep track of them
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Nick has recently married a divorced woman with a 9-year-old son. What should Nick do to increase his chances of being accepted by his stepson?
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Make friends with the boy slowly
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Katherine cries a great deal, is often tired, seems unable to concentrate or have fun, has no friends, and is doing poorly in school. She probably has
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childhood depression
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Stacy has an imaginary friend, Mindy. Stacy can be expected to be a ____ child
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all of these
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Memory aids are one kind of
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mnemonic strategy
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Linda has been caught throwing rocks at a neighbor's house. Her parents wish to stop this behavior through punishment. To be most effective, it would be best to have which of the following people administer the punishment?
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Her mother, who is usually nurturing and affectionate toward Linda.
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Which statement about IQ tests is FALSE?
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They are good predictors of achievement in school, except for verbal ability
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Monica, who is 8, describes herself as very good at math and science, but average in reading and are. She also says that she is good at basketball but a terrible baseball player. According to the neo=Piagetian view of self-concept development, Monica is using
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Representational systems
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Extreme fear and/or avoidance of social situations is known as
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social phobia
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During middle childhood, sleep needs
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decline
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Most children become less aggressive as they become more cooperative, less egocentric, more empathetic, and communicate better, all of which occurs at about age
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6 or 7
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The main pattern of relationships between brothers and sisters early in life is one of
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affection, interest, and companionship
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Which of the following behavior patterns is INCONSISTENT with Kohlberg's views regarding the acquisition of gender roles?
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A young boy who has not yet achieved gender constancy asks to be given only toys for boys and no girl toys for his birthday
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Play that involves repetitive muscular movements involving gross motor skills is called _____ play
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Functional
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