PSY 230 Test 3 Study Guide - Flashcards

question

Improvements in attention, memory, effortful and goal-directed thinking, and behavior have been linked to:

answer

aerobic exercise.

question

A shift in brain activation of school-age children from more diffuse to more focal areas in the prefrontal cortex was linked to:

answer

increased cognitive efficiency and cognitive control.

question

According to recent studies, exercising ________ times a week for 60 minutes was effective in lowering both systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

answer

three

question

All of the following are associated with childhood obesity in the United States EXCEPT:

answer

the part of the country where the child lives.

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Comparing data from 2009-2010 to that from 2011-2012, the percent of two- to five-year-olds who were obese ________, while the percent of U.S. 6- to 11-year-olds

answer

decreased; stayed the same

question

During the elementary school years, children grow an average of ________ inches a year until age 11, with the average sized ________ being taller than the average sized ________.

answer

two to three; girl; boy

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In terms of brain development in school-age children, synaptic pruning is part of the shift in activation from:

answer

larger diffuse areas to smaller focal areas.

question

Eight-year-old Ella can use scissors to cut small paper dolls out of construction paper, something she could not do at age three. What BEST accounts for her improving dexterity?

answer

Increased myelination of the central nervous system

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Kim's mom wants to help her daughter succeed in school. To boost and maintain Kim's intellectual development, her mother should do all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

let Kim exercise alone rather than exercise with her.

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On average, children gain ________ pounds per year during middle and late childhood.

answer

5 to 7

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Which was the largest group of students with a disability to be served by federal programs and receive special education in the 2011-2012 school year?

answer

Students with a learning disability

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________ children with a learning disability have a reading problem

answer

Most

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The Education for All Handicapped Children Act, enacted in 1975, required that:

answer

all students with disabilities be given a free, appropriate public education.

question

What causes the autism spectrum disorders?

answer

A brain dysfunction with abnormalities in brain structure and neurotransmitters

question

Which of the following is NOT a trend in body growth for children in middle and late childhood?

answer

They triple their strength capacity.

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Jeff's son is trying to learn the names of the five great lakes in the United States. While going over them Jeff points out that the first letter of each lake can be organized to spell "HOMES," so his son starts repeating the names in that order. Jeff was successful in:

answer

embedding memory-relevant language.

question

A child is presented with two identical balls of clay. The experimenter rolls one ball into a long, thin shape; the other remains in its original ball. The child is then asked if there is more clay in the ball or in the long, thin piece of clay. If the child answers the problem correctly the child most likely is in which stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory

answer

Concrete operational stage

question

In terms of a mathematical relationship, a person's mental age divided by chronological age (CA), multiplied by 100, would indicate that person's:

answer

intelligence quotient.

question

Byron can take sticks of different lengths and put them all in order from shortest to longest. He can also discern that if stick A is longer than B and B is longer than C, then A is longer than C. This ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions is:

answer

transitivity.

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If Sergio's mental age is eight, but his chronological age is nine, we would say that Sergio's IQ is

answer

below average.

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Cassidy is a teacher who loves to try Piagetian questions on her young son. One day in the car she asked him who the fastest runners in his class were. To confirm she asked, "Kevin is faster than Bill, right?" and later she asked, "Nate is faster than Kevin, right?" Waiting a while, she asked, "Is Nate or Bill faster?" She smiled when her son said, "________," because he was demonstrating ________.

answer

Bill; seriation

question

By age five or six, children usually know all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

related items are easier to remember than unrelated ones.

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Daryl quizzed his roommate's creativity by asking, "How many different uses for a newspaper can you come up with?" This is a test of:

answer

divergent thinking.

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Children who have reached the concrete operational stage are capable of ________, which is the ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension, such as size or length.

answer

seriation

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Her mother noticed Karlee was giving her full attention to her crayons, placing them on the table from the tallest down to the shortest. Karlee is fascinated with her new skill of ________.

answer

seriation

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According to the fuzzy trace theory, the ________ consists of the precise details of the information.

answer

verbatim memory trace

question

Amber is given a Stanford-Binet intelligence test. Her mental age is determined to be 14 and her chronological age is 10. Which of the following can be said about Amber?

answer

Her IQ score is above the majority of the population.

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Luis's grandfather decided to challenge Luis to a game. He placed coins on the table and asked his grandson to organize coins in a row from the largest in size to the smallest. This game is testing the Piagetian concept of:

answer

seriation.

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According to Sternberg, someone who scores high on traditional IQ tests and has high grades in school is also high in ________ intelligence.

answer

analytical

question

Piaget's third stage of cognitive development emphasizes a child's ability to reason logically and to mentally reverse actions by using the term ________, while also emphasizing that the child can only apply this reasoning to specific, often physical examples by using the term ________.

answer

operational; concrete

question

With regard to the cognitive development theory, Piaget proposed that the concrete operational stage lasts from approximately ________ years of age.

answer

7 to 11

question

According to Howard Gardner, successful theologians and psychologists are most likely to have high levels of which type of intelligence?

answer

Intrapersonal

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Expertise in an area brings all the following characteristics EXCEPT:

answer

an increased ability to gain expertise in entirely different areas.

question

________ develop(s) more rapidly during early childhood, and ________ develop(s) more rapidly during middle and late childhood.

answer

Short-term memory; long-term memory

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A process called ________ involves understanding how to use language in culturally appropriate ways.

answer

pragmatics

question

Mental age (MA) is:

answer

an individual's level of mental development relative to others.

question

At Jackson Elementary, children are taught to read by learning to recognize entire words and sentences and to use the context words that are used in the text to guess their meaning. Their reading material consists of stories, poems, and later, newspapers and magazines. This school is using the ________ approach to reading instruction.

answer

whole-language

question

Which of the following statements about the effect of genetics on intelligence is TRUE?

answer

Studies of fraternal and identical twins suggest a low correlation between genetics and intelligence.

question

Self-control/inhibition, working memory, and flexibility are all dimensions of:

answer

executive function.

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Voletta does more than just memorize and give back information in the way it was given to her. Rather, she thinks productively and reviews, connects, and reflects as a means of evaluating evidence. This means that she is engaging in:

answer

critical thinking.

question

Which of the following statements represents the current thinking among increasing numbers of experts in the field of reading?

answer

Direct instruction in phonics is a key aspect of learning to read.

question

Which of the following statements about children who are bilingual is NOT true?

answer

Children who are bilingual are less conscious of the structure of spoken language than children who speak only one language.

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Between ages 6 and 11 years, a child's vocabulary size typically grows from:

answer

14,000 to 40,000 words.

question

Which of the following is TRUE about second-language learning?

answer

For adolescents and adults, new vocabulary is easier to learn than new sounds or new grammar.

question

Dual-language instruction, formerly known as bilingual education, involves:

answer

a teacher speaking both English and the native language of the learner during instruction.

question

Which of the following improves considerably during the elementary school years, allowing for advances in vocabulary and grammar?

answer

Metalinguistic awareness

question

Louise is teaching her son to read by telling him the sound that each letter of the alphabet stands for. As he makes the sounds he begins to form words, and then smiles when he recognizes the written version of a word he uses all the time. What approach is his mother using?

answer

phonics

question

Recent studies have found that for ELLs (English Language Learners), the most effective approach is:

answer

dual-language learning.

question

Many of today's children grow up receiving praise for mediocre or even poor performance. What could be a possible consequence of this?

answer

They may get upset easily when they lose a competition or receive a critique of their performance.

question

According to Erik Erikson, parents who continually see their children's efforts at making things as "mischief" or "making a mess," and communicate this to their children often, will tend to foster a sense of ________ in their children.

answer

inferiority

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Kohlberg believed that development from one moral stage to the next was prompted by opportunities for perspective taking and:

answer

the conflict between an individual's current stage and the challenge posed by reasoning from someone at a higher level.

question

In terms of self-understanding, children in late childhood are more likely than children in early childhood to:

answer

compare themselves with others.

question

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, during which of the following stages do people pursue their own interests but also let others do the same?

answer

Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange

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Children and adolescents who choose their actions based on wanting to be seen as "good girls" or "good boys" by the important people in their lives are displaying:

answer

mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity.

question

Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development, appearing during middle and late childhood, is called:

answer

industry versus inferiority.

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Consistently praising children for mediocre or even poor performance can lead to ________, which may cause children with ________ self-esteem to avoid important learning experiences.

answer

an inflated self-esteem; low

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During the elementary years, a child's self-understanding includes increasing references to all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

physical characteristics.

question

Which of the following was NOT listed as an important change in the emotional development of school-age children?

answer

Ability to move quickly from one emotion to another

question

Mariel wants to know how everything works, and if you aren't keeping an eye on her, she will start taking things apart to see what's inside. If there is a knob to turn or door to open, she will do it! Mariel is typical of a child developing what Erik Erikson called:

answer

industry.

question

Which of the following statements about self-regulation is FALSE?

answer

It is characterized by an impulsiveness to perform challenging tasks.

question

Sarah is listening to her parents debate the morality of stealing items from already destroyed businesses during a natural disaster. They are discussing the importance of maintaining law and order when faced with stealing food or medicines to survive. Kohlberg would say this debate reflects thinking in the ________ stage.

answer

social contract or utility and individual rights

question

Which of the following statements about perspective taking is FALSE?

answer

As perspective-taking abilities increase, children's level of skepticism of others' claims decreases.

question

The correlation between self-esteem and school performance is:

answer

moderate

question

Which of the following statements about gender stereotyping is FALSE?

answer

Girls' gender stereotypes are more rigid than boys' gender stereotypes.

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Which of the following is TRUE of Dale Schunk's findings about students with high self-efficacy?

answer

They persist longer at learning tasks than students with low self-efficacy.

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Which of the following is not true regarding gender differences in the use of aggression?

answer

Girls report experiencing and expressing more anger than boys.

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Which of the following is TRUE regarding the differences in helping behavior of males versus females?

answer

Males are more helpful when the context is masculine in nature.

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Which of the following is not true regarding gender and school contexts?

answer

Boys get better grades.

question

Which of the following types of bullying is experienced more frequently by boys than girls?

answer

Belittled about religion or race

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Among the types of sociometric statuses, ________ and ________ children are infrequently nominated as someone's best friend.

answer

rejected; neglected

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Which of the following statements about peer groups and peer interactions in middle and late childhood is TRUE?

answer

Children in middle and late childhood spend approximately 30% of their time with peers

question

Which of the following is the approach of the bullying intervention program created by Dan Olweus?

answer

Decreasing opportunities and rewards for bullying

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Bullies often:

answer

are in the same class as their victims.

question

Which of the following is the MOST frequent type of bullying among girls?

answer

Subject of sexual comments or gestures

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Ella looks forward to Sophia coming to visit. Sophia always has interesting stories to tell and often brings a book or a new toy. Ella is looking forward to the ________ part of friendship.

answer

companionship

question

Which of the following is a key developmental task as children move toward autonomy?

answer

Learning to relate to adults outside the family on a regular basis

question

In one analysis, ________ of children in stepfamilies show adjustment problems, compared with ________ in intact, never-divorced families.

answer

25%; 10%

question

Johnny says he likes his best friend, Andy, because Andy is fun and talks about interesting things. Johnny also says that Andy encourages him to do his best and comforts him when he fails. Which of the following functions of children's friendships is Johnny describing?

answer

Stimulation and ego support

question

Which of the following is FALSE regarding stepfamilies?

answer

There are more infants and preschool children in stepfamilies than older children.

question

Kathryn Kerns and her colleagues have found that during the middle and late childhood years, ________ is associated with a lower level of internalized symptoms, anxiety, and depression in children.

answer

secure attachment

question

Which of the following is FALSE regarding developmental changes in parent-child relationships?

answer

Elementary school children tend to receive more physical discipline than they did as preschoolers.

question

Which of the following is FALSE regarding bullying?

answer

Having support friends does not lower the level of bullying.

question

Researchers have found that family management practices are positively related to:

answer

students' grades and self-responsibility.

question

While researching the reasons for the large cross-cultural differences in math and science scores, Stevenson and his colleagues observed that more than ________ of total classroom time in the first grade was spent on math instruction in Japan, compared with only ________ of the time in the U.S. first-grade classrooms.

answer

one-fourth; one-tenth

question

According to Pomerantz, differences in academic achievement between students in the United States and China is primarily a function of:

answer

parental involvement.

question

Which of the following results do advocates of statewide standardized testing argue will be positive outcomes of the testing?

answer

Increased student performance and more time teaching subjects tested

question

Educational experts agree that students with a disability in reading or writing will do best in a:

answer

direct instruction approach.

question

What is the result of the public and government demand for increased accountability from schools?

answer

The spread of state-mandated tests to assess what students had or had not learned

question

Which of the following is usually not true for students who live in poverty and their schools?

answer

They receive a high percentage of government money for teaching materials.

question

Melanie and Derek are planning to move to a new home, and are strongly considering different school options for their children. Melanie wants her children to be active learners who can think creatively and critically. She also wants a student-centered approach. Melanie is looking for a:

answer

constructivist approach.

question

Mr. Trahan teaches English from a constructivist approach to learning. In his classroom, it is LEAST likely that the students will be:

answer

memorizing important Shakespearean quotes.

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Those who support the Common Core Standards and mandatory standardized testing in each state were worried by data indicating that many states were:

answer

keeping their choice of a passing grade very low.

question

The Every Student Succeeds Act has made all of the following changes to the previous No Child Left Behind law EXCEPT:

answer

increasing the use and frequency of standardized tests.

question

________ is a brain-neuroendocrine process occurring primarily in early adolescence that provides stimulation for the rapid physical changes that occur in this period of development.

answer

Puberty

question

A girl's first menstruati

answer

menarch; late

question

Which statement is TRUE of adolescents, gender differences, and body image?

answer

Both boys and girls become more positive about their bodies as they move through puberty.

question

In the United States, the average age of menarche has ________ since the mid-nineteenth century.

answer

declined significantly

question

Which of the following was found to offer a protective factor against early sexual intercourse?

answer

Academic achievement

question

Over the last two decades, for adolescents age 15 to 19, the frequency of sexual intercourse, being sexually active, and having sexual intercourse with four or more partners has:

answer

decreased.

question

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

answer

Marked weight gains coincide with the onset of puberty for both boys and girls.

question

The ________, where fibers connect the brain's left and right hemispheres, thickens in adolescence, and this improves adolescents' ability to process information.

answer

corpus callosum

question

Which of the following statements about the timing and variations in puberty is TRUE?

answer

For girls, menarche is considered within the normal range if it appears between the ages of 9 and 15.

question

The endocrine system's role in puberty involves the interaction of the:

answer

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonads.

question

Which of the following is typically the last male pubertal characteristic to occur?

answer

Maximum growth in height and weight

question

The neurotransmitter associated with risk taking and use of addictive drugs is:

answer

dopamine.

question

Which of the following brain linkages would be the last to reach maturity?

answer

Planning

question

The textbook author would agree with all of the following statements about adolescents except that:

answer

too many adolescents are lacking opportunities to become competent adults.

question

Which is TRUE regarding the development of sexual identity in gay and lesbian youth?

answer

Gay and lesbian youth do not follow a predictable pattern in developing their sexual identity.

question

Since the 1950s, the adolescent suicide rate has ________ to the current level where suicide accounts for ________ of the deaths among adolescents 15 to 19 years old

answer

tripled; 12%

question

0 out of 0 points The National Sleep Foundation survey of adolescents found that inadequate sleep on school nights was related to all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

eating more.

question

________ is the illicit drug most widely used in the United States, and its use by adolescents increased from 2008 to 2011.

answer

Marijuana

question

According to the study by Lloyd Johnston and his colleagues at the Institute of Social Research at the University of Michigan monitoring the drug use of America's high school seniors in a wide range of public and private high schools, the percentage of illicit drug use:

answer

has declined since the late 1990s.

question

Diego is worried and afraid every time his daughter leaves in a car with one of her friends. He knows among car accidents, the most prevalent is:

answer

intoxication while driving.

question

Mary Carskadon and her colleagues concluded from their research of the sleep patterns of U.S. adolescents that:

answer

early school starting times may be linked to negative outcomes for adolescents.

question

Nazeer is very concerned about his son. He just saw some statistics from the National Center for Health Statistics, published in 2014, that show that ________ is the second-leading cause of death, especially among African American males.

answer

homicide

question

Mary Carskadon and her colleagues' research on adolescent sleep patterns found that:

answer

when given the opportunity, adolescents will sleep an average of 9 hours and 25 minutes a night.

question

National data indicate that the percentage of overweight U.S. 12- to 19-year-olds increased from ________ to ________, from the early 1990s to 2011-2012.

answer

11%; 21%

question

Myron is concerned that his son is not getting enough exercise, particularly for a teenager. After some research, Myron finds that the U.S. federal government's exercise recommendations for adolescents are a:

answer

minimum of 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous exercise per day.

question

The Carnegie Foundation evaluated U.S. middle schools and recommended that:

answer

smaller "communities" or "houses" should be developed to lessen the impersonal nature of large middle schools.

question

Abe is giving his children some brain teaser challenges. He asked, "If a smot is bigger than a hek, a kom is bigger than duj, and a smot is bigger than a kom, then which is bigger: a hek or a duj?" His younger child wants to draw pictures of each item, but his older child can do it mentally. His younger child is ________, while his older child is ________.

answer

concrete operational; formal operational

question

Service learning is often more effective when two conditions are met: (1) giving students some degree of choice in the service activities in which they participate, and (2) ________.

answer

providing students opportunities to reflect about their participation

question

According to David Elkind, personal fable and imaginary audience are parts of adolescent:

answer

egocentrism.

question

Peter and Roland are trying to figure out if they can mow the yard before they go to soccer practice. Peter says, "Let's just try it." Roland says, "We can figure this out. Walk with the mower across the yard and I'll time you. Then we'll estimate how may swipes it will take and get a total time." Roland is thinking like someone using

answer

hypothetical-deductive reasoning

question

According to Jean Piaget, around age 11, the fourth stage of cognitive development, the ________ stage, begins.

answer

formal operational

question

Leila, age 14, feels that nobody understands her, especially her parents and teachers. Leila's feelings reflect the ________ aspect of an adolescent's egocentrism.

answer

Personal fable

question

Attention-seeking behaviors, such as desires to be noticed, are motivated by the adolescent characteristic called:

answer

imaginary audience

question

Kamal, now able to think abstractly, has taken an interest in politics. He realizes the potential in individuals and the many good things large groups of people might accomplish. Using Piaget's terms, Kamal is showing ________.

answer

idealism

question

Fifteen-year-old Juanita wants to skip school today because she is having a bad hair day and is convinced that everybody will notice and think badly of her. "I can't let everyone see me this way," she thinks. Which aspect of adolescent egocentrism is Juanita experiencing?

answer

Imaginary audience

question

Gabriel said to his son, "I can tell you are getting smarter because you can talk about things like democracy and freedom in a more philosophical way." Basically, Gabriel is saying his son is capable of:

answer

abstract thinking.

question

A recent meta-analysis showed that higher levels of parental monitoring and rule enforcement were linked to:

answer

greater use of condoms and later initiation of sexual intercourse.

question

The lowest school dropout rate in the United States in 2013 occurred for:

answer

Asian Americans.

question

Which of the following is a concern related to U.S. high school education?

answer

Fostering of passivity in students

question

The most effective programs that discourage dropping out of high school include:

answer

early reading programs

question

Two teachers are discussing lesson plans for first-grade students. One teacher asks, "What do you think about a unit on motivation and ambition?" The other replied, "We need to be careful with that because our students are not yet ________.

answer

abstract thinking

question

Abigail's parents own a small restaurant. She has helped out and worked there for as long as she can remember. Her father keeps saying that Abigail will eventually run the business side and her brother, Anthony, will run the kitchen. Abigail has accepted this for her future, knowing it would devastate her parents if she didn't. Abigail is displaying:

answer

identity foreclosure.

question

Cala is proud of her Arabic heritage. She enjoys the art, food, and culture, and plans to pass it along to her children some day. As Cala realizes this is important to her, Erikson would say she is building her sense of:

answer

identity.

question

Conflict with parents often escalates during ________ and lessens as the adolescent reaches age ________ or soon after.

answer

early adolescence; 17

question

Jayden never seems to care about anything. He doesn't have a plan for what to do after high school, saying he'll figure that out after graduation. He tries to take the easiest classes and uses his free time to play video games. Jayden is displaying:

answer

identity diffusion.

question

Leopold enjoys his life and gets excited about any new opportunity. He really enjoyed biology last year, so he proclaimed he wanted to be a doctor. Over the summer he had an opportunity to fly in a small plane, and promptly announced he wanted to be a pilot and study aerodynamics. Erikson would predict that this trend should continue as long as Leopold is in:

answer

psychosocial moratorium

question

Ms. Kroger asked her tenth-grade class to write an essay to answer the question, "If someone could only know three things about you, what would they be?" By asking her students to choose their most important personal characteristics and explain why those things are important, she is asking them to work with Erikson's stage of:

answer

identity versus identity confusion.

question

Noah is a happy guy who makes jokes about everything. While his friends are researching colleges and careers, Noah prefers to spend time on his motorcycle. Everyone keeps telling him that he should be concerned about the future, but he really never thinks much beyond the next few weeks. Noah is displaying:

answer

identity diffusion.

question

Researchers find that a positive ethnic identity is related to ________ for minority adolescents.

answer

lower substance abuse

question

Stella has involved, responsive parents who support her in her choices as long as she adheres to certain basic rules that they have set for her, like keeping up her grades. Stella's relationship with her parents is characterized by a high level of trust, acceptance, and quality. Research indicates that Stella would:

answer

be likely to share information about her whereabouts, friends, and activities.

question

Tea, a Latina female, retains many of her family's customs and attitudes, but also has embraced many of the attitudes expressed by her non-Latino white peers. Tea has developed a:

answer

bicultural identity.

question

The new model of parent-adolescent relationships emphasizes that:

answer

in most families, parent-adolescent conflict is moderate rather than severe.

question

The old model of parent-adolescent relationships suggested that:

answer

as adolescents mature they detach themselves from parents

question

Which of the following statements about identity development is TRUE?

answer

Identity development is a lifelong process of adjustments.

question

________ is defined as a period of identity development during which the individual is exploring alternatives, whereas ________ is one's personal investment in identity.

answer

Crisis; commitment

question

A recent study of 8- to 12-year-old girls found that a higher level of media multitasking was linked to:

answer

negative social well-being.

question

A study of 200 tenth-graders revealed that:

answer

having more romantic experience was linked to a higher level of substance use and delinquency.

question

According to a recent meta-analysis, which of the following program types was linked to a reduction in recidivism for juvenile offenders?

answer

family treatment

question

At which grade level does conformity to peers, particularly to their antisocial standards, peak?

answer

Eighth and ninth grades

question

By about age 15, adolescent females have a rate of depression that is ________ that of adolescent males.

answer

double

question

In terms of adolescents developing romantic relationships, early bloomers are those who are in or have been in a relationship at age ________ or younger, and late bloomers are those who have not had a relationship that lasted more than four months by age ________.

answer

13; 17

question

Stefan and Martina are preparing to graduate from high school and go to the same college. They have been in a stable relationship for 14 months. They are in the ________ stage of developing romantic relationships in adolescence.

answer

consolidating dyadic romantic bonds

question

Sullivan argued that the need for social ________ intensifies during early adolescence, motivating teenagers to seek out close friends.

answer

intimacy

question

The 2009 Kaiser Family Foundation survey found that 11- to 14-year-olds were engaging with media approximately ________ hours a week.

answer

60

question

The event that comes closest to being a culture-wide rite of passage in the United States is:

answer

a high school graduation ceremony.

question

The immigrant risk model and immigrant paradox model differ in terms of predicting the ________ of adolescents in immigrant families.

answer

level of well-being

question

The most effective way to treat adolescent depression is:

answer

a combination of drug therapy and cognitive behavior therapy (CBT).

question

Which of the following statements about gender differences around the world is TRUE?

answer

Gender differences in sexual expression and educational opportunities appear to be narrowing over time.

question

Which of the following statements about juvenile delinquency is TRUE?

answer

Males have higher delinquency rates than females.

question

Which of the following was NOT one of the common components of programs that have been successful in preventing or reducing adolescent problems?

answer

Integrate law enforcement into high-risk schools

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