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Reciprocal, or synchronous

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the interaction between parents and infants when all is going well. Parents change their emotional expressions in response to those of their infants, but infants also modify their emotional expressions in response to those of their parents. The interactions are mutually regulated

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Emotions that infants express in the first six months of life

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surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust. Other emotions that appear in infancy include jealousy, empathy, embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt; most of these occur for the first time at some point in the second half of the first year or during the second year.

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self-conscious or other-conscious emotions

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The later developing emotions have been called self-conscious or other-conscious emotions because they involve the emotional reactions of others

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Basic cry

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a rhythmic pattern that usually consist of a cry, followed by a briefer silence, then a shorter whistle that is somewhat higher in pitch than the main cry, then another brief rest before the next cry. Believed to be caused by hunger

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Anger cry

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variation of the basic cry, with more excess air forced through the vocal cords

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Pain cry

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a sudden long, initial loud cry followed by the holding of the breath

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Reflexive smile

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a smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli and appears during the first month after birth, usually during sleep

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Social smile

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a smile that occurs in response to an external stimulus, typically a face in the case of a young infant. Social smiling occurs as early as 4 weeks in response to a caregiver's voice

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From 2 to 6 months

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infants' social smiling increases considerably, in both self-initiated smiles and smiles in response to other's smiles in this time period

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6 to 12 months

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In this time period smiles occur that couple what is called the Duchenne marker (eye constriction) and mouth-opening occur in the midst of highly enjoyable interactions and play with parents

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2 years old

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At this age toddlers become increasingly aware of the social meaning of smiles, especially in their relationship with parents

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Rouge Test:

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a self recognition test that identifies a human child's ability to recognize a reflection in a mirror as his or her own. An experimenter places a dot on the nose and or face of the child. The child is then placed in front of a mirror and their reactions are monitored; depending on the child's development, distinct categories of responses are demonstrated.

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6 to 12 months

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age that the child simply sees a "sociable playmate" in the mirror's reflection

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12 months

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age of self-admiring and embarrassment

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14 to 20 months

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most children demonstrate avoidance behavior at this age

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18 months

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half of children recognize the reflection in the mirror as their own at their age

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20 to 24 months

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self-recognition climbs to 65%. Children do so by evincing mark-directed behavior; they touch their own nose/and or try to wipe the mark off

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Social Referencing

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"reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation.

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Temperament

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an individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of emotionally responding

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Easy child

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this child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences

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Difficult child

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This child reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change

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Slow-to-warm-up child

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This child has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity mood

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Kagan

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Inhibition of the unfamiliar: a broad temperament category. Inhibited children react to many aspects of unfamiliarity with initial avoidance, distress, or subdued affect, beginning around 7 to 9 months.

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Goodness of fit

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refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with

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Attention to respect for individuality

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Parents need to be flexible and sensitive to the infant's signals and needs

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Structuring the child's environment

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make sure to have the right environment for the temperament of different children

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Avoid applying negative labels to the child

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acknowledging that some children are harder to parent than others is helpful, and advice on how to handle particular kinds of difficult circumstances can be helpful. Labeling a child as difficult is a self-fulfilling prophecy

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Parental Behavior Determines Quality of Attachment

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- Should be available and responsive - Should intervene judiciously when child is heading for trouble - Inconsistent or unresponsive care leads to insecure attachment

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John Bowlby's (1969) Theory

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Attachment: enduring socioemotional relationship Goal = maintain emotional security The person you smile with and share good times with, when times are rough it's the person you turn too

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Harlow's monkey studies

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Monkey doll fills needs for baby monkey; the need to cling to something soft Will eat food from the wire doll

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The strange situation

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Baby and mom play; stranger enters room; stranger interacts with baby; mom leaves; mom returns and stranger leaves; mom and baby play; mom leaves; stranger enters; baby is flipping out and mom returns and baby calms down

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Secure attachment (60-65%)

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- Engaged in play when caregiver present (secure base) - may or may not cry when caregiver leaves - not easily comforted by strangers - seek contact with caregiver immediately and readily comforted (Safe haven) - related to positive social, emotional, and cognitive outcomes

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may or may not cry when caregiver leaves

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Secure attachment: 1. engaged in play when caregiver present 2. _____ 3. not easily comforted by strangers 4. seek contact with caregiver and comforted 5. related to positive social, emotional, and cognitive out comes

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related to positive social, emotional, and cognitive out comes

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Secure attachment: 1. engaged in play when caregiver present 2. may or may not cry when caregiver leaves 3. not easily comforted by strangers 4. seek contact with caregiver and comforted 5._____

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Insecure avoidant attachment (20%)

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-usually not distressed by separation -little interaction with caregiver -easily comforted by stranger -typically ignore/avoid caregiver at reunion

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typically ignore/avoid caregiver at reunion

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Insecure avoidant attachment: 1. usually not distressed by separation 2. little interaction with caregiver 3. easily comforted by stranger 4. _______

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Insecure resistant (Anxious-ambivalent) attachment (15%)

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- cling to caregiver but resist closeness - very upset when caregiver leaves - upset and angry when caregiver returns - not readily comforted by caregiver at reunion

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Very upset when caregiver leaves

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Insecure resistant attachment: 1. cling to caregiver but resist closeness 2.____ 3 upset and angry when caregiver returns 4. not readily comforted by caregiver at reunion

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Insecure disorganized attachment (5%)

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-confused when caregiver leaves and returns -unusual behaviors: dazed, hiding, cowering [from caregiver] -relatively new type, so not as well understood

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confused when caregiver leaves and returns

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Insecure disorganize attachment: 1_____ 2. unusual behaviors: dazed, hiding, cowering 3. relatively new type, so not as well understood

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Daycare

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has little to no affect on attachment

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Insecure attachment is more likely under these conditions

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- Low quality or large amount of child care (>30 hrs/week) - less sensitive parenting (parental sensitivity is most important factor)

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High quality child care

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- Low ration of children to caregivers - Well-trained, experienced staff - Ample opportunities for educational and social interaction - Effective communication between child care providers and parents - Sensitive, responsive care giving

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ample opportunities for educational and social interaction

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High child care: 1. low ration of children to caregivers 2. well-trained, experienced staff 3. _______ 4. effective communication between child care providers and parents 5. sensitive, responsive care giving

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Emotion

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Feeling or aspect that occurs when a person is in a state or interaction that is important to them. Characterized by behavior that reflects the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the state a person is in or the transactions being experienced

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Display Rules

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rules governing when, where and how emotions should be expressed

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Stranger Anxiety

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an infant's fear and wariness of strangers; it tends to appear in the second half of the first year

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separation protest

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an infant's distressed crying when the caregiver leaves

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social referencing

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"reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation

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Temperament

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an individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of emotionally responding

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Self-regulation (Rothbart and Bates)

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Infants who are high in effortful control show an ability to keep their arousal from getting too high and have strategies for soothing themselves.

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Reciprocal socialization

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Socialization that is bidirectional; children socialize parents, just as parents socialize children

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Scaffolding

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parents time interactions so that infants experience turn-taking with parents

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____ spend more time care giving, and _____ tend to engage in more physical, playful interaction with infants

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Mothers.... Fathers

PSY 213-Lifespan Ch. 4 – Flashcards

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