PSY 105 Ch 13 – Flashcards
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Why do dreams, fantasies, and slips of the tongue offer important data, in the view of psychoanalytic psychologists?
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Dreams, fantasies, and slips of the tongue offer clues to the contents of the unconscious mind.
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How do neo-Freudians' thought differ from Freud's original theory?
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The neo-Freudians tended to emphasize the importance of the ego rather than that of the id.
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The _____ is the part of the personality that provides a buffer between the id and the outside world.
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ego
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Which of the following sequences best reflects the order in which Freud's personality structures develop during infancy and childhood, from first to last?
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Id → ego → superego
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Which of Freud's personality structures is CORRECTLY described?
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Id—consists of primitive, instinctual urges
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The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is a personality assessment widely used in business, industry, and education. Ultimately, it stems from _____ theory.
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Jung's
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According to Freud, the _____ stage is the period from puberty until death, marked by mature sexual behavior (that is, sexual intercourse).
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genital
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To Freud, much of our personality is determined by our _____.
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unconscious
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The id operates according to the _____ principle in which the goal is the immediate reduction of tension and the maximization of satisfaction.
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pleasure
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_____ is often considered the first feminist psychologist.
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Karen Horney
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The _____ provides a "safe haven" for our recollections of threatening events.
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unconscious
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Read the following: (1) Liz has become more responsive to her partner's advances since a real "hottie" moved in next door; (2) unable to accept his desire for other young men, 15-year-old Juan pours himself into his studies; (3) Shauntel tells people that her coworker Mary dislikes her; if she were honest, though, Shauntel would realize that it is actually she who dislikes Mary; (4) "Ben's nasty; he's disgusting," says Renee; really, Renee secretly finds Ben sexy. Which individual is CORRECTLY matched with the defense mechanism he or she is using?
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Juan—sublimation
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Dr. Chase believes that one's personality largely reflects inner forces over which one has no control. Dr. Chase appears to take a(n) _____ approach to personality.
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psychodynamic
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When regression is used as a defense mechanism people:
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behave as if they were at an earlier stage of development.
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The study of defense mechanisms is associated not only with Sigmund Freud but also with:
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Anna Freud.
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Adler focused on ________ psychology.
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individual
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Oberon has always been fascinated by fire, but he knows that it can be dangerous and sometimes lethal. When he finished high school, he decided to become a firefighter. The job is extremely fulfilling for him. Freud would probably say that Oberon's fascination with fire
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has been sublimated into a socially desirable behavior.
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If Freddie's id was in charge when his boss told him that he was an incompetent fool, Freddie might
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punch his boss in the face.
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Psychologists who study personality focus on the
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enduring traits and qualities we demonstrate over time.
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Adler believed that birth order
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was important to personality development.
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The _____ is the final personality structure to develop in childhood, represents the rights and wrongs of society as taught and modeled by a person's parents, teachers, and other significant individuals.
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superego
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According to Freud, much of our behavior is motivated by:
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the unconscious.
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Which component of the personality uses defense mechanisms, and why?
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The ego uses defense mechanisms to prevent excessive anxiety.
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According to Jung, _____ are universal symbolic representations of a particular person, object, or experience (such as good and evil).
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archetypes
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What do the id and the superego have in common?
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They are both unrealistic.
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Probably the most primary of the defense mechanisms is that of:
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repression.
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Which of the following is NOT one of the neo-Freudian psychoanalysts?
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Cattell
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Which of the following sequences indicates the order of the first three stages in Freud's theory of psychosexual development, from first to last?
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Oral → anal → phallic
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Which of the following stages of psychosexual development is CORRECTLY matched with an age range?
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Anal - 1-3 years
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_____ refers to the pattern of enduring characteristics that produce consistency and individuality in a given person.
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Personality
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George's cubicle at work is spotless. Everything on his desk is arranged according to a specific purpose. He gets very agitated if something is moved or rearranged. Freud might argue that George is fixated at the ________ stage.
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anal
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Michelle was reared in a home where high moral principles dominated. She has attended Sunday school and church since early childhood. In high school, her boyfriend tried to talk her into "sleeping" with him, but something from inside her told her not to. She felt very proud of herself afterward for holding her ground. According to Freud, which personality structure made Michelle feel proud of her response?
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Superego
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Jeff experiences a lot of aggressive feelings toward his overprotective stepfather. Because he is powerless to aggress openly against his stepfather, Jeff becomes a very aggressive forward on his basketball team. This is an example of
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sublimation.
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According to Alfred Adler, people are primarily motivated by
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their desire to overcome perceived shortcomings.
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Which of the following components of personality is related to the reality principle?
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Ego
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Which defense mechanism is CORRECTLY matched with a definition?
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Displacement - an unwanted feeling is redirected from a threatening individual to a less threatening one
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According to Freud, a period beginning around age 3 during which a child's pleasure focuses on the genitals is known as the _____ stage.
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phallic
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_____ is the process of wanting to be like another person as much as possible, imitating that person's behavior and adopting similar beliefs and values.
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Identification
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Which of the following is a defense mechanism?
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Reaction Formation
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If Marcy is feeling guilty about lying to her mother, Freud would argue that her ________ is making her feel this way.
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superego
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With regard to the question of whether personality is innate or learned, which of the following personality theory orientations places the most emphasis on biology?
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Psychodynamic
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Kira finds an abandoned wallet with $300 in it and no identification. The decision to keep the money or turn it in will cause the greatest conflict between the
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id and the superego.
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Which of the following alternatives best expresses the relationship between the preconscious and the unconscious in Freud's theory?
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The preconscious is a small portion of the unconscious mind.
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Cartoons sometimes depict personal conflict by showing an individual with an angel speaking into one ear and a devil speaking into the other ear. The angel represents Freud's idea of the ________, and the devil represents Freud's idea of the ________.
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superego;id
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Emotionally laden ideas and images that have rich and symbolic meaning for all people are
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archetypes
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Jamar is 4-foot-8 and drives a very large car. How would Adler explain Jamar's choice in cars?
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Compensation
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Developmental periods that children pass through during which they encounter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urges are known as _____ stages.
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psychosexual
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According to Jung, the deepest, impersonal layer of the conscious mind that is shared by all humans is called the
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collective unconscious.
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What defense mechanism is being used when the ego transforms the unacceptable (e.g., looking at pornography) into the acceptable (e.g., becoming a vocal advocate against pornography)?
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Reaction formation
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The _____ is the part of the personality that provides a buffer between the id and the outside world. incorrect conscience
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ego
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According to _____, parents can facilitate their children's development by:
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Adler; helping them overcome feelings of personal inferiority.
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Hannah has a substitute teacher today. She has a strong desire to give a false name but is concerned about how much trouble she might get in. The desire to change her name stems from the ________, and the concern about the trouble stems from the ________.
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id; ego
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Every time Antony, a 30-year-old architect, experiences hardship, he goes home to his parents to find comfort in his childhood bedroom. What defense mechanism is in play here?
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Regression (stop for quiz A)
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Dr. Plater believes that personality is simply the sum of learned responses to the external environment. Dr. Plater endorses the _____ approach to personality.
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learning
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Which of the following sequences CORRECTLY arranges Allport's trait categories from the MOST SPECIFIC to the BROADEST?
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Secondary → central → cardinal
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Which of the following is NOT one of Eysenck's major personality dimensions?
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Agreeableness
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_____ is the belief that we have the personal capabilities to master a situation and produce positive outcomes.
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Self-efficacy
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_____ approaches to personality emphasize people's inherent goodness and their tendency to move toward higher levels of functioning.
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Humanistic
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Humanistic approaches in psychology have been most influential in:
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therapeutic settings.
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Carlos is emotionally unstable, insecure, anxious, and moody. Quinn is disorganized, careless, and impulsive. Johann is quiet, serious, and somewhat timid. Finally, Kristy is imaginative, independent, and fond of variety. Which of these individuals is CORRECTLY matched with a Big Five personality description?
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Quinn - low conscientiousness
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According to the text, studies of the potential genetic basis of personality have identified a gene that may contribute to differences between people in the trait of:
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thrill-seeking.
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Mrs. Linley is a middle school math teacher. She provides constant, consistent feedback on her students' math assignments. She wants her students to have faith in their abilities to produce positive outcomes. Mrs. Linley is trying to develop her students' self-:
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efficacy.
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_____ traits are characteristics that affect behavior in fewer situations and are less influential than other traits.
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Secondary
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Humanistic psychologists suggests that people are consciously motivated to reach their maximum potential, each in a unique way; that is, people have a fundamental drive toward self-:
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actualization
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Which of the following is NOT one of the text's recommended strategies for being an informed consumer of psychological test data?
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Keep appraised of data on test popularity.
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Which term indicates the ability of a test to measure what it is actually designed to measure?
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Validity
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One of the best examples of a self-report measure, and one of the most frequently used personality tests, is the:
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MMPI-2.
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Behavioral assessment relies most heavily on:
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observing people in their own settings.
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Maslow would argue that Gus went back to school at age 40 because
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he chose to fully develop his potential.
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Brittney is a counselor who believes that her clients have the innate ability to make good choices. She accepts each individual as they are and as a person in the process of change. It is important to her that her clients learn to evaluate themselves and not depend on the opinion of others. Brittney is practicing
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humanistic counseling.
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________ theories stress the interaction of thought with social environments.
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Social cognitive
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Which of the following is NOT an element of Carl Rogers' theory?
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Defense mechanisms
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Dr. Crane is looking for a test that he can use to understand more about his clients' unconscious motivations. He could use a(n) ________ measure.
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projective
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A graduate student is using a statistical method of identifying associations among a large number of variables to reveal more general patterns. She is performing a _____ analysis.
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factor
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The text suggests that the neurotransmitter most closely related to individual differences in thrill- or sensation-seeking is:
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dopamine
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Garner is imaginative, independent, and prefers variety. Brandy is conventional, down-to-earth, and has limited interests. It is likely that Garner scores high while Brandy scores low on the Big Five personality dimension of:
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openness
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Which of the following specific traits is CORRECTLY paired with a description in terms of the Big Five dimensions?
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Imaginative- high openness
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_____ is the component of personality that encompasses our positive and negative self-evaluations.
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Self-esteem
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Because of federal legislation, race norming on tests such as the General Aptitude Test Battery:
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was discontinued in the early 1990s
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Projective tests are most closely aligned with which perspective on personality?
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Psychodynamic
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Walter Mischel's view of situationism infers that
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personality varies considerably from one context to another.
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Vickie is doing a research paper on projective personality tests. What conclusions should she draw regarding the Rorschach inkblot test?
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Many psychologists have questioned the reliability and validity of the test.
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What is the most important aspect of situationism?
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The current environment
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In Allport's view, how many central traits do most people possess?
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5-10
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Dr. Cavanaugh examines the relationship between the trait of hardiness and senior citizens' compliance with medication regimes; however, the hardiness measure he uses was based on college students. Based on this information, which of the following is the most apparent weakness of Dr. Cavanaugh's study?
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The norming of the resilience measure
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Self-report tests are most closely associated with which perspective on personality?
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Trait
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DeShawn graduated from college with honors and approaches most aspects of life with the expectation that he will be successful. He expects a great deal of himself and sets his goals high. After his interview for a job in the most prestigious company in his state, he was convinced that he would get the job. You could say that he
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has high self-efficacy.
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Belinda is in counseling and feels that she is on the brink of bursting through her psychological cocoon and becoming a butterfly. Belinda's therapist agrees with Belinda and feels strongly that Belinda has the innate ability to cope with stress and to control her life. Belinda's therapist is most likely a
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humanist
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A person who is intellectual, imaginative, and has a broad range of interests would mostly likely score high on a measure of
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openness
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Dr. Montgomery, a personality theorist, seeks to identify the basic traits necessary to describe personality and consistencies in individuals' behavior. Dr. Montgomery is a(n) _____ theorist.
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trait
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A series of symmetrical stimuli is to picture what _____ is to _____.
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Rorschach; TAT
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Which is not one of the Big Five factors of personality discussed in your text?
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Empathy
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Maria claims that she is a mind reader. While she has quite a few believers, you notice that she seems to use very vague comments during her mind-reading sessions. Maria is likely using ________ to her advantage.
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the Barnum effect
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According to Freud's theory, _____ is only a small part of our psychological makeup and experience.
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conscious experience
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According to Freud, the ego is referred to as a mediator because it
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must balance the needs of the id, superego, and reality.
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According to Jung, the collective unconscious is expressed through
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archetypes.
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_____ approaches to personality are theories that suggest that important components of personality are inherited.
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...
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Which of the following accurately describes how factor analysis is used to identify personality traits?
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...
