PSY 101 Learning – Flashcards

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According to behaviorists, ____ is any relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior
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learning
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Psychologists who believe that learning involves experiences that changes the
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cognitive psychologists.
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Cognitive psychologists define learning as a ____
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mental; behavioral
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The reason fish and tadpoles are born able to swim
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both a and b
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Complex human learning is largely a result of ____.
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both a and b
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The reason we are more likely to stop at a red light than at a green light is because
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we learn that stopping at red lights is associated with avoiding accidents and tickets.
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A students preference for a grade of "A" rather than a "F" is most likely the result of
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classical conditioning.
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Ivan Pavlov is best known for his research in
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classical conditioning.
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Ivan Pavlov was originally attempting to identify ____.
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neural receptors in the mouths of dogs
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While attempting to identify neural receptors that trigger salivary glands, Ivan Pavlov did
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association
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Ivan Pavlov provided evidence that reflexes can be learned through
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association
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The reasons that Ivan Pavlov's dogs began salivating in response to an assistant entering
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both b and c are correct
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Pavlov referred to learned salivation as a ____. Today it is better known as a(n) ____.
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conditioned reflex; conditioned response
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A trained salivary response was called the ____ by Pavlov.
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conditional reflex
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According to the ____ perspective, an organism learns the association between two stimuli
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behaviorist
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How do behaviorists explain Pavlov's classical conditioning results?
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The dog has learned the association between paired stimuli.
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From the ____ perspective, the dog in Pavlov's experiments salivated in response to the bell
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cognitive
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The cognitive psychology view of classical conditioning states that
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All of the above
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In regard to Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments,
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The dogs mentally connected the bell with the meat powder.
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he behavioral view of classical conditioning focuses on simple ____ of stimuli
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pairing; mental
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In Pavlov's original experiments, the bell was at first a ____ stimulus.
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neutral
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A dog can be trained to salivate when a bell is sounded by
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pairing the sound of the bell with the delivery of food.
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In Pavlov's experiments, meat powder elicited salivation. Salivation in this case was the
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UR
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Your dog starts to salivate when you use the electric can opener to open his can of dog food
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CS
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During Pavlov's classic experiments, after conditioning, the bell was the ____
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CS; CR
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With Pavlov's classic work, before conditioning occurred, ____ was the UR, and ____ was the US.
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salivation; the meat powder
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A conditioned response is a(n)
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learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.
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You walk past Pizza Hut and salivate in response to the aroma of freshly baked pizzas. This is
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classical conditioning.
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Johnny is tormented in the schoolyard every day by a bully with bright red frizzy hair.
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CS; CR
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You are walking along and suddenly startled by the loud sound of a truck backfiring
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UR; US
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While sitting in her Jeep at a red traffic light, Lauren heard a loud screech
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CS; CR
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____ usually takes only one trial to condition successfully.
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Taste aversion
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While on vacation, twelve years ago, Benjamin became extremely ill when he ate some shrimp
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taste aversion.
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Taste aversions are fascinating examples of
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classical conditioning
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To control the rat population in urban settings, the health department scatters bags of corn and
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taste aversion
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Taste aversions differ from other instances of classical conditioning because
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both a and b
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Taste aversion poses a problem for strict behaviorists because
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the CS and US are not contiguous.
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One way that taste aversion is different from other examples of classical conditioning is that
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taste aversion usually takes only one trial.
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Unlike other forms of conditioning, taste aversion is powerful and rapidly acquired, suggesting that
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has adaptive significance
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The results of a study of taste aversion, rats were conditioned with sweetened water, light, and
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All of the above
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Continued presentation of the CS in the absence of the US will result in
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extinction of the CR
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Alex, your dog, has just been switched from dry dog food to canned dog food.
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the sound of the bag losing its status as a CS for Alex.
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Mimi, your cat, comes running into the kitchen every time you use the electric can opener.
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Eventually, the sound of the electric can opener will lose its status as a CS for Mimi.
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According to the ____ perspective, extinction changes a person's mental representation of
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cognitive
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During Pavlov's classic experiments, he would pair a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned
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acquisition trials.
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The term extinction can be a bit misleading because
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we see spontaneous recovery of CRs.
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Why would the term extinction be a possible misnomer?
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because we see spontaneous recovery of CRs
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Pavlov's dogs experienced extinction trials, however a few days later, Pavlov sounded the
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spontaneous recovery.
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Because of the phenomenon of spontaneous recovery, psychologists believe that
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the CR is not really extinguished but merely inhibited during extinction trials.
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____ is the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to
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Generalization
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Your little brother learned that a cow says "moo moo"
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generalization.
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When a young child sees a cow and calls it "doggie," this is an example of
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stimulus generalization.
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____ is the tendency for an organism to distinguish between a CS and similar stimuli
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Discrimination
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A baby cries in response to faces of strangers but smiles when he sees his mother's face. This is
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discrimination
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Your dog barks and growls to the sound of a stranger's car engine pulling into your driveway
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discrimination.
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Your front doorbell has a higher pitch than your back doorbell
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discrimination.
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Both generalization and discrimination are
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adaptive
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Your child fears going to the doctor because on her last visit she received a painful treatment.
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higher-order conditioning.
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After the bell became an effective CS, Pavlov then paired it with a light
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higher-order conditioning.
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As a young child, the white coat of your pediatrician elicited a fear response in you
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higher-order conditioning
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The most thrilling part of a rollercoaster ride is the speed of the rapid descent
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higher-order conditioning.
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Many fear responses are acquired through the process of ____ conditioning.
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classical
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Pairing a pleasant stimulus with a fear-evoking object or situation describes
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counterconditioning.
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Your mother has a fear of cats. The psychologist repeatedly pairs her love for classical music with
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counterconditioning.
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Your dog is upset and agitated around your new cat
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counterconditioning.
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Watson conditioned fear in Little Albert by presenting a white rat with
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The rat; the loud sound
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Little Albert's experienced generalization of his fear to a
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all of the above
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After being conditioned to fear a white rat, Little Albert cried in the presence of other furry objects such as a
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generalization.
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he two behavior-therapy methods of flooding and systematic desensitization are based on the principle of
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extinction.
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A child who is afraid of the water is tossed into a swimming pool to teach him how to swim is an example of
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flooding
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You are absolutely terrified of dogs
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flooding
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To reduce Patty's fear of horses, a behavior therapist took her immediately to the nearby horse farm
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flooding
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Peter has a phobia for dogs. The behavior therapist has him relax and just think about dogs
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systematic desensitization.
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To reduce Mary Ann's fear of birds, a behavior therapist had her relax and think of a bird
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systematic desensitization
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Behavior therapists prefer systematic desensitization over flooding as a behavior therapy to reduce fears because
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the process of relaxation and gradual exposure to varied forms of the feared stimuli is more pleasant.
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The major difference between counterconditioning and flooding is that counterconditioning
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repeatedly pairs a pleasant stimulus with the fear-evoking stimulus
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In ____ conditioning the focus is on how organisms form anticipations about the environment
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classical; operant
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Pavlov is to Skinner as
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classical conditioning is to operant conditioning.
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Stimuli that increase the frequency of behavior are referred to as
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reinforcers
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During World War II, B. F. Skinner was to head-up "Project Pigeon," where
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he would train pigeons to guide missiles to their targets.
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An involuntary response is to classical conditioning as a voluntary response is to ____.
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operant conditioning
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In operant conditioning an organism learns to respond because
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of the consequences of the behavior.
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Which of the following best illustrates operant conditioning according to Skinner?
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A dolphin is given a fish every time it jumps through a hoop.
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A Skinnerian therapist treating a patient with depression would focus on
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all of the above
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The psychologist who used the operant chamber for efficiently testing operant methodology is
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Skinner
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In operant conditioning the manner in which the first reinforced response is made can
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all of the above
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Which of the following is not an example of a reinforced behavior?
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ringing a bell before a dog rolls-over
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The two types of reinforcers distinguished by Skinner are
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positive and negative
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When a behavior is followed by negative reinforcement, the behavior is likely to
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increase
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Any stimulus that, when presented, increases the likelihood that a behavior will continue is called a(n)
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positive reinforcer.
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Any stimulus that, when removed, increases the likelihood that a behavior will continue is called a(n)
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negative reinforcer.
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Because you set your alarm every night, you always get to work on time
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negative reinforcer
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Amy always comes home on time when she's out with her friends and never violates the curfew set by her parents. This behavior is strengthened by a
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negative reinforcer
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Which of the following statements about immediate versus delayed reinforcement is correct?
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The short-term consequences of a behavior often provide greater incentive than the long-term consequences.
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Reinforcers can be
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all of the above
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Food, water, and warmth are examples of ____ reinforcers.
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primary
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Money is a secondary reinforcer because it
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may be used to get primary reinforcers
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Since secondary reinforcers are associated with established reinforcers, they are sometimes called
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conditioned reinforcers.
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Which of the following best describes giving a dog food after rolling over?
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A positive, primary, immediate reinforcer was given.
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Working hard to avoid the loss of your paycheck next week is an example of a
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negative, secondary, delayed reinforcer
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Extinction in operant conditioning involves
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all of the above
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Positive reinforcement is to increasing behavior as ____ is to decreasing behavior
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extinction
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Spontaneous recovery describes the event in which an organism performs
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a previously extinguished response.
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Spontaneous recovery of extinguished responses in operant conditioning supports the notion that the
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behavior was not permanently lost.
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____ work to increase the likelihood that a behavior will be strengthened
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Negative reinforcers; punishments
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The term reinforcement was preferred over the term reward because
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mental processes were involved in learning.
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B. F. Skinner arrived at a number of reinforcers ____
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empirically
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Punishment is an aversive event that ____ the frequency of the behavior it follows.
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decreases
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Exposure to physical punishment in childhood has been associated with the all of following behavior patterns EXCEPT
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below average reading skills.
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Avoidance of punishment is supported by the following:
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all of the above
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A problem with the research on parental punishment and childhood aggression is
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most of the studies were experimental.
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The time-out procedure attempts to avoid the possibility of ____ a child's misbehavior.
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reinforcing
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To reward or positively reinforce children which of the following needs to be followed?
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All of the above
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The text gives an example of a pigeon getting rewarded for
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pecking behavior when the light is off will become extinguished.
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A stimulus that indicates reinforcement is available is called a ____ stimulus.
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discriminative
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We stop at a red traffic light and go when it is green because individually, both lights serve as
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discriminative stimuli.
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In the movie Jurassic Park, the tyrannosaurus rex would respond to moving stimuli and
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discriminative stimulus.
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Which of the following illustrates continuous reinforcement?
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You become less thirsty every time you drink a glass of water.
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When you are beginning to train your dog to "sit," it is most effective to put him on
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continuous reinforcement.
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fter your dog has learned to consistently come to you on command, it is wise to put her on ____
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partial reinforcement
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All of the following are examples of reinforcement schedules except
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fixed intermittent.
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A fixed interval schedule is best described as providing reinforcement after
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equal intervals of time
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A car dealer's summer and fall incentive programs are an example of a
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fixed interval schedule.
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Professor Fournier gives a quiz every Monday. His students would then tend to ____
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study on Sunday nights; fixed-interval
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A variable interval schedule is best described as providing reinforcement after
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varying spans of time.
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A teacher announces that there will be pop quizzes throughout the semester. This is an
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variable interval schedule
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A fixed ratio schedule is best described as providing reinforcement after
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a fixed number of correct responses are made.
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A variable ratio schedule is best described as providing reinforcement after
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a variable number of correct responses have been made.
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A slot machine is an example of a
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variable ratio schedule.
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You are paid $29 for every five doghouses that you paint. This is an example of
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fixed ratio schedule
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Individuals who buy lottery tickets on a regular basis are usually on a ____
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variable-ratio
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Operant conditioning has been used to remotely guide rats through mazes by
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All of the above
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Reinforcing successive steps towards a behavioral goal is called
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shaping.
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Breaking complex behaviors down into smaller steps, and reinforcing those steps sequentially as
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shaping.
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Encouraging the members of a dance class at the completion of each individual step best describes
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shaping
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The most effective method for teaching complex behaviors is
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shaping
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To efficiently train a rat to press a lever, you should reward
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the first response that the rat makes in the direction of the lever
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When we train a rat to press a lever using shaping, we reinforce all those behaviors for
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successive approximations
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Carl and "his amazing canines" are an act in the circus
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shaping.
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To train a young child to eat with a spoon, you should reinforce small steps until she gets
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shaping
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The most efficient way to train your dog to "sit" would be
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to push his backside down and reward him.
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All of following demonstrate how operant conditioning influences the behavior of
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Children learn to anticipate that thunder follows lightening
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People and lower animals have learned to control autonomic responses in
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biofeedback training
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When individuals receive biofeedback training to, say, lower their blood pressure, reinforcement is
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information
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____ is used with people who have lost neuromuscular control of parts of their body
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Biofeedback training
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If parents ignore children's desirable behavior ____ is likely to occur
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extinction
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Adults frequently reinforce undesirable behavior in children by ____ them
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both a and b
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Placing a disruptive child in time out where the child is in a restrictive environment and
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extinction.
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Operant conditioning can be effective in which of the following circumstances
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all of the above
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Programmed learning was developed by
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Skinner
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B. F. Skinner designed an educational practice based on
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programmed learning.
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All of the following apply to programmed learning except
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learning experiences are structured to include a few errors, so that people can learn from their mistakes.
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Cognitive psychologist describe and explain behavior using concepts such as
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all of the above
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A rat that was allowed to roam freely in a maze without reinforcement,
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cognitive mapping.
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Tolman showed that rats can learn about their environment without reinforcemen
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learning and performance.
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E. C. Tolman's work on latent learning demonstrated that
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rats can learn a maze in the absence of reinforcement.
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The significance of Tolman's research on latent learning was that
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rats could learn a maze in the absence of reinforcement, suggesting they acquired a cognitive map.
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The contingency theory for classical conditioning was proposed by
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Robert Rescorl
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The contingency theory suggests that the learning in classical conditioning occurs
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predictive.
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ccording to contingency theory, a randomly presented conditioned stimulus and
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the conditioned stimulus does not provide information about the unconditioned stimulus
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Rescorla's research on contingency theory supports a cognitive perspective in
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merely pairing stimuli cannot account for learning.
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Results of research on latent learning and observational learning suggest
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Learning can occur only if the operant is reinforced
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Bandura's research suggests that we can learn
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through observational learning.
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Learning that is not mechanically acquired through reinforcement
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observational
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William's dad was a gardener. William often played in the yard
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observational
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Every day you walk across campus, passing many
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latent learning.
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According to Bandura a person who engages in a response to be imitated is a
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model.
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Dana liked to watch her mom prepare dinner when she was a little girl
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model
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When a young child saw her older sister receive extra money for helping clean up around the
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vicarious reinforcement
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Which of the following is NOT true regarding media violence in America?
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TV programs generally show the harmful long-term consequences of aggressive behavior.
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Observational learning research suggests that media violence provides viewers with
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scripts
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According to the text, media violence is said to do all of the following EXCEPT
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encourage nonviolent behavior.
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Media violence could ____
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disinhibit; the media aggressor was rewarded
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Repeated exposure to TV violence may cause ____
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habituation
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Viewers of media violence are more likely to imitate media violence when
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all of the above
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Research shows that playing violent video games is associated with
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All of the above
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Research suggests that the effects of exposure to media violence may be influenced by all of the
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athletic ability.
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Research on media violence concludes that
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there is circular connection between media violence and aggressive behavior.
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All of the following are family factors that contribute to the likelihood of aggression in
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parental rejection.
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To help a child who watches violent programs act less aggressively one should inform the child that
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all of the above
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