question

According to behaviorists, ____ is any relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior

answer

learning

question

Psychologists who believe that learning involves experiences that changes the

answer

cognitive psychologists.

question

Cognitive psychologists define learning as a ____

answer

mental; behavioral

question

The reason fish and tadpoles are born able to swim

answer

both a and b

question

Complex human learning is largely a result of ____.

answer

both a and b

question

The reason we are more likely to stop at a red light than at a green light is because

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we learn that stopping at red lights is associated with avoiding accidents and tickets.

question

A students preference for a grade of "A" rather than a "F" is most likely the result of

answer

classical conditioning.

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Ivan Pavlov is best known for his research in

answer

classical conditioning.

question

Ivan Pavlov was originally attempting to identify ____.

answer

neural receptors in the mouths of dogs

question

While attempting to identify neural receptors that trigger salivary glands, Ivan Pavlov did

answer

association

question

Ivan Pavlov provided evidence that reflexes can be learned through

answer

association

question

The reasons that Ivan Pavlov's dogs began salivating in response to an assistant entering

answer

both b and c are correct

question

Pavlov referred to learned salivation as a ____. Today it is better known as a(n) ____.

answer

conditioned reflex; conditioned response

question

A trained salivary response was called the ____ by Pavlov.

answer

conditional reflex

question

According to the ____ perspective, an organism learns the association between two stimuli

answer

behaviorist

question

How do behaviorists explain Pavlov's classical conditioning results?

answer

The dog has learned the association between paired stimuli.

question

From the ____ perspective, the dog in Pavlov's experiments salivated in response to the bell

answer

cognitive

question

The cognitive psychology view of classical conditioning states that

answer

All of the above

question

In regard to Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments,

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The dogs mentally connected the bell with the meat powder.

question

he behavioral view of classical conditioning focuses on simple ____ of stimuli

answer

pairing; mental

question

In Pavlov's original experiments, the bell was at first a ____ stimulus.

answer

neutral

question

A dog can be trained to salivate when a bell is sounded by

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pairing the sound of the bell with the delivery of food.

question

In Pavlov's experiments, meat powder elicited salivation. Salivation in this case was the

answer

UR

question

Your dog starts to salivate when you use the electric can opener to open his can of dog food

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CS

question

During Pavlov's classic experiments, after conditioning, the bell was the ____

answer

CS; CR

question

With Pavlov's classic work, before conditioning occurred, ____ was the UR, and ____ was the US.

answer

salivation; the meat powder

question

A conditioned response is a(n)

answer

learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.

question

You walk past Pizza Hut and salivate in response to the aroma of freshly baked pizzas. This is

answer

classical conditioning.

question

Johnny is tormented in the schoolyard every day by a bully with bright red frizzy hair.

answer

CS; CR

question

You are walking along and suddenly startled by the loud sound of a truck backfiring

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UR; US

question

While sitting in her Jeep at a red traffic light, Lauren heard a loud screech

answer

CS; CR

question

____ usually takes only one trial to condition successfully.

answer

Taste aversion

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While on vacation, twelve years ago, Benjamin became extremely ill when he ate some shrimp

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taste aversion.

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Taste aversions are fascinating examples of

answer

classical conditioning

question

To control the rat population in urban settings, the health department scatters bags of corn and

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taste aversion

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Taste aversions differ from other instances of classical conditioning because

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both a and b

question

Taste aversion poses a problem for strict behaviorists because

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the CS and US are not contiguous.

question

One way that taste aversion is different from other examples of classical conditioning is that

answer

taste aversion usually takes only one trial.

question

Unlike other forms of conditioning, taste aversion is powerful and rapidly acquired, suggesting that

answer

has adaptive significance

question

The results of a study of taste aversion, rats were conditioned with sweetened water, light, and

answer

All of the above

question

Continued presentation of the CS in the absence of the US will result in

answer

extinction of the CR

question

Alex, your dog, has just been switched from dry dog food to canned dog food.

answer

the sound of the bag losing its status as a CS for Alex.

question

Mimi, your cat, comes running into the kitchen every time you use the electric can opener.

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Eventually, the sound of the electric can opener will lose its status as a CS for Mimi.

question

According to the ____ perspective, extinction changes a person's mental representation of

answer

cognitive

question

During Pavlov's classic experiments, he would pair a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned

answer

acquisition trials.

question

The term extinction can be a bit misleading because

answer

we see spontaneous recovery of CRs.

question

Why would the term extinction be a possible misnomer?

answer

because we see spontaneous recovery of CRs

question

Pavlov's dogs experienced extinction trials, however a few days later, Pavlov sounded the

answer

spontaneous recovery.

question

Because of the phenomenon of spontaneous recovery, psychologists believe that

answer

the CR is not really extinguished but merely inhibited during extinction trials.

question

____ is the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to

answer

Generalization

question

Your little brother learned that a cow says "moo moo"

answer

generalization.

question

When a young child sees a cow and calls it "doggie," this is an example of

answer

stimulus generalization.

question

____ is the tendency for an organism to distinguish between a CS and similar stimuli

answer

Discrimination

question

A baby cries in response to faces of strangers but smiles when he sees his mother's face. This is

answer

discrimination

question

Your dog barks and growls to the sound of a stranger's car engine pulling into your driveway

answer

discrimination.

question

Your front doorbell has a higher pitch than your back doorbell

answer

discrimination.

question

Both generalization and discrimination are

answer

adaptive

question

Your child fears going to the doctor because on her last visit she received a painful treatment.

answer

higher-order conditioning.

question

After the bell became an effective CS, Pavlov then paired it with a light

answer

higher-order conditioning.

question

As a young child, the white coat of your pediatrician elicited a fear response in you

answer

higher-order conditioning

question

The most thrilling part of a rollercoaster ride is the speed of the rapid descent

answer

higher-order conditioning.

question

Many fear responses are acquired through the process of ____ conditioning.

answer

classical

question

Pairing a pleasant stimulus with a fear-evoking object or situation describes

answer

counterconditioning.

question

Your mother has a fear of cats. The psychologist repeatedly pairs her love for classical music with

answer

counterconditioning.

question

Your dog is upset and agitated around your new cat

answer

counterconditioning.

question

Watson conditioned fear in Little Albert by presenting a white rat with

answer

The rat; the loud sound

question

Little Albert's experienced generalization of his fear to a

answer

all of the above

question

After being conditioned to fear a white rat, Little Albert cried in the presence of other furry objects such as a

answer

generalization.

question

he two behavior-therapy methods of flooding and systematic desensitization are based on the principle of

answer

extinction.

question

A child who is afraid of the water is tossed into a swimming pool to teach him how to swim is an example of

answer

flooding

question

You are absolutely terrified of dogs

answer

flooding

question

To reduce Patty's fear of horses, a behavior therapist took her immediately to the nearby horse farm

answer

flooding

question

Peter has a phobia for dogs. The behavior therapist has him relax and just think about dogs

answer

systematic desensitization.

question

To reduce Mary Ann's fear of birds, a behavior therapist had her relax and think of a bird

answer

systematic desensitization

question

Behavior therapists prefer systematic desensitization over flooding as a behavior therapy to reduce fears because

answer

the process of relaxation and gradual exposure to varied forms of the feared stimuli is more pleasant.

question

The major difference between counterconditioning and flooding is that counterconditioning

answer

repeatedly pairs a pleasant stimulus with the fear-evoking stimulus

question

In ____ conditioning the focus is on how organisms form anticipations about the environment

answer

classical; operant

question

Pavlov is to Skinner as

answer

classical conditioning is to operant conditioning.

question

Stimuli that increase the frequency of behavior are referred to as

answer

reinforcers

question

During World War II, B. F. Skinner was to head-up "Project Pigeon," where

answer

he would train pigeons to guide missiles to their targets.

question

An involuntary response is to classical conditioning as a voluntary response is to ____.

answer

operant conditioning

question

In operant conditioning an organism learns to respond because

answer

of the consequences of the behavior.

question

Which of the following best illustrates operant conditioning according to Skinner?

answer

A dolphin is given a fish every time it jumps through a hoop.

question

A Skinnerian therapist treating a patient with depression would focus on

answer

all of the above

question

The psychologist who used the operant chamber for efficiently testing operant methodology is

answer

Skinner

question

In operant conditioning the manner in which the first reinforced response is made can

answer

all of the above

question

Which of the following is not an example of a reinforced behavior?

answer

ringing a bell before a dog rolls-over

question

The two types of reinforcers distinguished by Skinner are

answer

positive and negative

question

When a behavior is followed by negative reinforcement, the behavior is likely to

answer

increase

question

Any stimulus that, when presented, increases the likelihood that a behavior will continue is called a(n)

answer

positive reinforcer.

question

Any stimulus that, when removed, increases the likelihood that a behavior will continue is called a(n)

answer

negative reinforcer.

question

Because you set your alarm every night, you always get to work on time

answer

negative reinforcer

question

Amy always comes home on time when she's out with her friends and never violates the curfew set by her parents. This behavior is strengthened by a

answer

negative reinforcer

question

Which of the following statements about immediate versus delayed reinforcement is correct?

answer

The short-term consequences of a behavior often provide greater incentive than the long-term consequences.

question

Reinforcers can be

answer

all of the above

question

Food, water, and warmth are examples of ____ reinforcers.

answer

primary

question

Money is a secondary reinforcer because it

answer

may be used to get primary reinforcers

question

Since secondary reinforcers are associated with established reinforcers, they are sometimes called

answer

conditioned reinforcers.

question

Which of the following best describes giving a dog food after rolling over?

answer

A positive, primary, immediate reinforcer was given.

question

Working hard to avoid the loss of your paycheck next week is an example of a

answer

negative, secondary, delayed reinforcer

question

Extinction in operant conditioning involves

answer

all of the above

question

Positive reinforcement is to increasing behavior as ____ is to decreasing behavior

answer

extinction

question

Spontaneous recovery describes the event in which an organism performs

answer

a previously extinguished response.

question

Spontaneous recovery of extinguished responses in operant conditioning supports the notion that the

answer

behavior was not permanently lost.

question

____ work to increase the likelihood that a behavior will be strengthened

answer

Negative reinforcers; punishments

question

The term reinforcement was preferred over the term reward because

answer

mental processes were involved in learning.

question

B. F. Skinner arrived at a number of reinforcers ____

answer

empirically

question

Punishment is an aversive event that ____ the frequency of the behavior it follows.

answer

decreases

question

Exposure to physical punishment in childhood has been associated with the all of following behavior patterns EXCEPT

answer

below average reading skills.

question

Avoidance of punishment is supported by the following:

answer

all of the above

question

A problem with the research on parental punishment and childhood aggression is

answer

most of the studies were experimental.

question

The time-out procedure attempts to avoid the possibility of ____ a child's misbehavior.

answer

reinforcing

question

To reward or positively reinforce children which of the following needs to be followed?

answer

All of the above

question

The text gives an example of a pigeon getting rewarded for

answer

pecking behavior when the light is off will become extinguished.

question

A stimulus that indicates reinforcement is available is called a ____ stimulus.

answer

discriminative

question

We stop at a red traffic light and go when it is green because individually, both lights serve as

answer

discriminative stimuli.

question

In the movie Jurassic Park, the tyrannosaurus rex would respond to moving stimuli and

answer

discriminative stimulus.

question

Which of the following illustrates continuous reinforcement?

answer

You become less thirsty every time you drink a glass of water.

question

When you are beginning to train your dog to "sit," it is most effective to put him on

answer

continuous reinforcement.

question

fter your dog has learned to consistently come to you on command, it is wise to put her on ____

answer

partial reinforcement

question

All of the following are examples of reinforcement schedules except

answer

fixed intermittent.

question

A fixed interval schedule is best described as providing reinforcement after

answer

equal intervals of time

question

A car dealer's summer and fall incentive programs are an example of a

answer

fixed interval schedule.

question

Professor Fournier gives a quiz every Monday. His students would then tend to ____

answer

study on Sunday nights; fixed-interval

question

A variable interval schedule is best described as providing reinforcement after

answer

varying spans of time.

question

A teacher announces that there will be pop quizzes throughout the semester. This is an

answer

variable interval schedule

question

A fixed ratio schedule is best described as providing reinforcement after

answer

a fixed number of correct responses are made.

question

A variable ratio schedule is best described as providing reinforcement after

answer

a variable number of correct responses have been made.

question

A slot machine is an example of a

answer

variable ratio schedule.

question

You are paid $29 for every five doghouses that you paint. This is an example of

answer

fixed ratio schedule

question

Individuals who buy lottery tickets on a regular basis are usually on a ____

answer

variable-ratio

question

Operant conditioning has been used to remotely guide rats through mazes by

answer

All of the above

question

Reinforcing successive steps towards a behavioral goal is called

answer

shaping.

question

Breaking complex behaviors down into smaller steps, and reinforcing those steps sequentially as

answer

shaping.

question

Encouraging the members of a dance class at the completion of each individual step best describes

answer

shaping

question

The most effective method for teaching complex behaviors is

answer

shaping

question

To efficiently train a rat to press a lever, you should reward

answer

the first response that the rat makes in the direction of the lever

question

When we train a rat to press a lever using shaping, we reinforce all those behaviors for

answer

successive approximations

question

Carl and "his amazing canines" are an act in the circus

answer

shaping.

question

To train a young child to eat with a spoon, you should reinforce small steps until she gets

answer

shaping

question

The most efficient way to train your dog to "sit" would be

answer

to push his backside down and reward him.

question

All of following demonstrate how operant conditioning influences the behavior of

answer

Children learn to anticipate that thunder follows lightening

question

People and lower animals have learned to control autonomic responses in

answer

biofeedback training

question

When individuals receive biofeedback training to, say, lower their blood pressure, reinforcement is

answer

information

question

____ is used with people who have lost neuromuscular control of parts of their body

answer

Biofeedback training

question

If parents ignore children's desirable behavior ____ is likely to occur

answer

extinction

question

Adults frequently reinforce undesirable behavior in children by ____ them

answer

both a and b

question

Placing a disruptive child in time out where the child is in a restrictive environment and

answer

extinction.

question

Operant conditioning can be effective in which of the following circumstances

answer

all of the above

question

Programmed learning was developed by

answer

Skinner

question

B. F. Skinner designed an educational practice based on

answer

programmed learning.

question

All of the following apply to programmed learning except

answer

learning experiences are structured to include a few errors, so that people can learn from their mistakes.

question

Cognitive psychologist describe and explain behavior using concepts such as

answer

all of the above

question

A rat that was allowed to roam freely in a maze without reinforcement,

answer

cognitive mapping.

question

Tolman showed that rats can learn about their environment without reinforcemen

answer

learning and performance.

question

E. C. Tolman's work on latent learning demonstrated that

answer

rats can learn a maze in the absence of reinforcement.

question

The significance of Tolman's research on latent learning was that

answer

rats could learn a maze in the absence of reinforcement, suggesting they acquired a cognitive map.

question

The contingency theory for classical conditioning was proposed by

answer

Robert Rescorl

question

The contingency theory suggests that the learning in classical conditioning occurs

answer

predictive.

question

ccording to contingency theory, a randomly presented conditioned stimulus and

answer

the conditioned stimulus does not provide information about the unconditioned stimulus

question

Rescorla's research on contingency theory supports a cognitive perspective in

answer

merely pairing stimuli cannot account for learning.

question

Results of research on latent learning and observational learning suggest

answer

Learning can occur only if the operant is reinforced

question

Bandura's research suggests that we can learn

answer

through observational learning.

question

Learning that is not mechanically acquired through reinforcement

answer

observational

question

William's dad was a gardener. William often played in the yard

answer

observational

question

Every day you walk across campus, passing many

answer

latent learning.

question

According to Bandura a person who engages in a response to be imitated is a

answer

model.

question

Dana liked to watch her mom prepare dinner when she was a little girl

answer

model

question

When a young child saw her older sister receive extra money for helping clean up around the

answer

vicarious reinforcement

question

Which of the following is NOT true regarding media violence in America?

answer

TV programs generally show the harmful long-term consequences of aggressive behavior.

question

Observational learning research suggests that media violence provides viewers with

answer

scripts

question

According to the text, media violence is said to do all of the following EXCEPT

answer

encourage nonviolent behavior.

question

Media violence could ____

answer

disinhibit; the media aggressor was rewarded

question

Repeated exposure to TV violence may cause ____

answer

habituation

question

Viewers of media violence are more likely to imitate media violence when

answer

all of the above

question

Research shows that playing violent video games is associated with

answer

All of the above

question

Research suggests that the effects of exposure to media violence may be influenced by all of the

answer

athletic ability.

question

Research on media violence concludes that

answer

there is circular connection between media violence and aggressive behavior.

question

All of the following are family factors that contribute to the likelihood of aggression in

answer

parental rejection.

question

To help a child who watches violent programs act less aggressively one should inform the child that

answer

all of the above

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