PSY 101 chapter 08 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
_____ refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout the course of life.
answer
Development
question
to the dance because she has just developed a pimple on her chin, and she is sure everyone will talk about it behind her back. Her behavior illustrates _____.
answer
adolescent egocentrism
question
Which of the following is the final stage of Erikson's socioemotional development?
answer
Integrity versus despair
question
You would expect an individual at a higher level of moral development to show an increase in _____.
answer
concern over the ethics of a person's actions
question
Accumulated information and verbal skills are components of _____, whereas the ability to reason abstractly is a component of _____.
answer
crystallized intelligence/fluid intelligence
question
Parents who use the _____ parenting style give strict rules to their children with little discussion of the reasons for the rules.
answer
authoritarian
question
By the end of the _____ period, the heart begins to beat, the arms and legs become more differentiated, the face starts to form, and the intestinal tract appears in human beings
answer
embryonic
question
0 out of 1 points Samantha gives both her 3-year-old and her 4-year-old children identically shaped glasses of juice in order to avoid conflict over who has the most. Samantha is showing her awareness of what limitation in her children's thinking skills?
answer
Problems with conservation
question
Which of the following statements about Piaget's theory of cognitive development is false?
answer
Piaget believed that children do not play an active role in constructing their own understanding of the world but rather are passively reacting to environmental influences.
question
Benjamin loves putting together puzzles. He has recently mastered putting together a 10-piece Sesame Street puzzle. His mother claps at his accomplishment but wants to continue challenging Benjamin just beyond his current abilities. The next time they play, she gives Benjamin a 15-piece puzzle and offers some guidance on how to sort the pieces out. According to Vygotsky, Benjamin's mother provides _____ that allows Benjamin's cognitive abilities to be built higher and higher.
answer
scaffolding
question
Which of the following is true of the visual spatial sketchpad?
answer
The capacity of the visuo-spatial sketchpad is limited.
question
_____ has to do with remembering who, what, where, when, and why. _____ has to do with remembering how.
answer
Explicit memory/implicit memory
question
George has just graduated from college and is going on his first big job interview. He has learned that there are 10 other applicants for the job. On account of information on the serial position effect that he learned in his psychology class, George asks to be either the first or the last candidate interviewed. Why?
answer
The serial position effect predicts that either the first or the last job applicant interviewed will be remembered better than the applicant interviewed second.
question
The connectionist view of memory _____.
answer
proposes that memories are organized only to the extent that neurons, the connections among them, and their activity are organized
question
George Miller's classic research showed that the average capacity of short-term or working memory is between _____ units of information.
answer
5 and 9
question
Recollections of John's first family vacation to Disneyland are part of John's _____.
answer
episodic memory
question
_____ of information is linked with neural activity, especially in the brain's left frontal lobe.
answer
Elaboration
question
Shannon is an excellent student. She rewrites her class notes after each class. Rewriting her notes is a form of _____.
answer
rehearsal
question
According to _____, when we learn something new, a neurochemical memory trace forms, but over time this trace disintegrates.
answer
decay theory
question
When you are asked to recall your first day of kindergarten, you rely on _____, whereas when you are asked to recall the name of a person you just met a few seconds ago, you rely on _____.
answer
long-term memory/short-term or working memory
question
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the ability to utilize logical thought to assess abstract social problems and situations is attained during the _____ stage.
answer
formal operational
question
In a female embryo, what allows for the development of female sex organs?
answer
High levels of estrogens
question
Adolescents often have difficulty controlling their emotions and making sound decisions about risky behavior. Brain research suggests that this is due to the fact that during adolescence _____.
answer
the amygdala is developed earlier than the prefrontal cortex
question
Which of the following situations indicates resilience that characterizes development in adulthood?
answer
Jonathan, who did not get good grades in middle school, studies hard in high school and gets a scholarship at an Ivy League university
question
Which of the following statements best describes moral reasoning at the conventional level?
answer
"What I did was illegal, but saving a life is what a good person is expected to do."
question
Most children successfully acquire conservation skills during the _____ stage of cognitive development.
answer
concrete operational
question
Richie's parents let him do whatever he wants. They place no demands on him, and they place no rules or restrictions on his behavior. Richie's parents have a(n) _____ parenting style.
answer
permissive
question
Which of the following was proposed by Kubler-Ross?
answer
She proposed a stage model of confronting death, in which the dying individual progresses from denial to acceptance.
question
Which of the following is true with regard to development?
answer
Development is the product of nature, nurture, and the complex interaction of the two.
question
Which of the following theory is correctly matched with its propounder?
answer
Correct Human capacity for awareness that we will someday die creates the potential for overwhelming terror—Ernest Becker
question
The free-radical theory states that aging is caused by _____.
answer
damage to DNA
question
According to the textbook, one of the most important criticisms of Piaget's theory of cognitive development is that _____.
answer
recent research suggests his theory has underestimated the abilities of infants and overestimated the abilities of adults
question
According to James Marcia, identity is a product of _____.
answer
exploration and commitment
question
According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to young children's _____.
answer
inability to take another person's mental state into account
question
Which theory of aging has focused on the role of chronic stress in reducing immune system functioning?
answer
Hormonal stress theory
question
_____ are differences between individuals that stem not necessarily from their ages but from the historical period and society in which they were born and developed.
answer
Cohort effects
question
Emerging adulthood is the transitional period from adolescence to adulthood that ranges from approximately _____ years of age.
answer
18-25
question
According to Hyde, the gender similarities hypothesis _____.
answer
is the idea that men and women (and boys and girls) are much more similar than they are different
question
What did Harry Harlow demonstrate in his classic study of attachment amongst baby monkeys?
answer
The monkeys were more attached to the artificial mothers that were warm and soft.
question
Which of the following indicates cognition in early adulthood?
answer
Being more realistic
question
Sam is a participant in a study of moral development. In response to the Heinz moral dilemma story, Sam says that "Heinz shouldn't steal the drug because if he steals he will go to jail. Jail is a bad place so Heinz shouldn't take the risk of such harsh punishment." Sam appears to be operating at which of the following stages of moral development?
answer
Preconventional
question
Which of the following represents the correct chronological sequence of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
answer
Sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations
question
Which of the following is an example of a cognitive process?
answer
Cindy, a 20 year old student, who imagines herself as the Governor of Florida
question
You tried to play peek-a-boo with your 6-month-old nephew, but whenever you hid your face, he would cry. You try it again three months later, and now he laughs and enjoys the game, trying to uncover your face with his hands. Your nephew has begun to develop _____.
answer
object permanence
question
Developmental psychologists use the term _____ to refer to a person's genes or biological inheritance.
answer
nature
question
If children cannot grasp the concept of conservation, they are unable to _____.
answer
recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape
question
A 13-year-old breaks up with his first girlfriend and he is very upset. No one can console him, because he believes that no one else has ever been hurt as badly as he has. The boy's beliefs are consistent with _____.
answer
adolescent egocentrism
question
Which of the following is true about the concrete operational stage of reasoning?
answer
One important skill at this stage of reasoning is the ability to classify or divide things into different sets or subsets and to consider their interrelations.
question
Which of the following is the correct sequence of the stages of prenatal development?
answer
Conception, zygote, embryonic period, fetal period
question
Children of permissive parents tend to _____.
answer
expect to get their own way and often show difficulties respecting others and controlling their behavior
question
Children of permissive parents tend to _____.
answer
expect to get their own way and often show difficulties respecting others and controlling their behavior
question
Four-year-old Jennifer mistakenly believes that her mother would like to receive an Elmo doll for Christmas. This best illustrates Piaget's concept of _____.
answer
egocentrism
question
Recent research on prosocial behavior has found that _____.
answer
supportive parenting is related to more prosocial behavior in children
question
Four-month-old baby Oscar is a participant in a preferential looking experiment. Researchers show Oscar two photos, one of which is of his mother's face, and the other which is of a female stranger's face. The photos are presented repeatedly in differing locations, and the amount of time Oscar spends looking at the photos is recorded. What will researchers conclude if Oscar shows a reliable preference for his mother's face over the stranger's face?
answer
Oscar can discriminate his mother's face from a stranger's face.
question
You arrange two rows of pennies so they are equal in length. A child views the rows and states that they have the same amount of pennies. You spread out the pennies in the bottom row so it is longer than the top row. The child now states that the bottom row has more pennies. This child is in which of Piaget's stages?
answer
Preoperational
question
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, formal operational thought is _____.
answer
logical, systematic, abstract, and idealistic
question
Which of the following characterizes pubertal change in adolescents?
answer
The peak of pubertal change occurs at an average age of 11½ for girls and 13½ for boys.
question
According to Piaget, accommodation occurs when individuals _____.
answer
adjust their schemas to new information
question
Gabriela's mother practices the authoritative style of parenting. This suggests that Gabriela's mother _____.
answer
encourages her to be independent but still places limits and controls on behavior
question
Research on adolescent brain development has shown that the _____ is involved with emotional reactions, whereas the _____ is involved with reasoning and decision making.
answer
amygdala/prefrontal cortex
question
Juan is a child with low activity level and tends to withdraw from new situations. He is inflexible, and displays low mood intensity. Juan is said to have what type of temperament?
answer
Slow-to-warm-up
question
Which of the following is the final stage of Erikson's socioemotional development?
answer
Integrity versus despair
question
The term _____ refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding.
answer
temperament
question
Which of the following pairs are correctly matched?
answer
Grief unfolds in four patterns—George Bonanno
question
Behavior that is intended to benefit other people is called _____.
answer
prosocial behavior
question
Andrea is a preterm infant who was born 37 weeks after conception. Which of the following characteristics will decrease the probability of Andrea experiencing developmental problems?
answer
Andrea's parents massage her at least 3-4 times per day.
question
A child decides to steal a small item from a neighborhood store in order to be accepted into the Hawk Club. The child reasons that the stealing behavior is acceptable because it is what his friends expect of him. According to Kohlberg, this child is operating at the _____ level.
answer
conventional
question
According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, establishing _____ is the central task of adolescence.
answer
an identity
question
In the _____ week, the neural tube, which eventually becomes the spinal cord, starts to take shape.
answer
third
question
What is the biggest challenge faced by psychologists who study infant perception?
answer
Because infants can't speak, psychologists who study infants rely on what infants can do to understand what they know.
question
A(n) _____ is any agent that causes a birth defect.
answer
teratogen
question
Schaie's longitudinal study of intellectual abilities showed that _____ is the period when most people reach their peak for many intellectual skills.
answer
middle adulthood
question
According to _____, as we age our cells become less capable of dividing.
answer
cellular-clock theory
question
Sammy is in third grade. When he won the spelling bee, he felt proud of his accomplishment. But when he could not complete his arithmetic assignment on time, he felt incompetent. Which of Erikson's developmental stages does this reflect?
answer
Industry vs. inferiority
question
Leonard, a 30 year-old Princeton University graduate, gives up his corporate job to teach children and seniors of Lubango village. He has decided that all his future endeavors will be focused on eradication of illiteracy in Lubango. In his efforts to experience life in optimal ways, Leonard has developed _____.
answer
a life theme
question
Which of the following statements about brain development is false?
answer
Aside from growing larger, the brain does not undergo any anatomical change after birth.
question
_____ is expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life.
answer
Habituation
question
Cooper's father is a corporate executive who works long hours. He travels several days throughout the month and spends very little time with Cooper. He has never been to any of Cooper's soccer games or met any of his friends. Cooper's father believes that his career is more important than raising his son. As such, he does not get involved in Cooper's life. Psychologists would describe Cooper's father's style of parenting as _____.
answer
neglectful
