Principles of Chemistry III: Nutrition and Metabolism – Flashcards
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| Conservation of Energy means: |
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| Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it can, however, be transformed from one form to another. |
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| Energy is defined as: |
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| the ability to do work. |
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| Work is defined as: |
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| a force applied multiplied by the distance moved. |
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| Kinetic Energy is: |
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| Energy in motion/Energy of motion |
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| Potential Energy is: |
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| Energy that has the potential to do work, such as a rock at the top of a hill. |
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| What are some forms of energy? |
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| Heat, mechanical, sound, chemical, electrical, etc. |
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| How is electrical energy used in the body? |
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| The transmission of nerve impulses and the contraction of muscles requires electrical energy |
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| How is chemical energy used in the body? |
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| The breakdown of ATP and the chemical bonds in food provide energy |
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| What are some examples of mechanical energy in the body? |
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| The heart pumping, the churning of the stomach, walking, etc. |
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| What is an example of sound energy in the body? |
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| Hearing |
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| How is heat energy used in the body? |
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| The maintenance of body temperature, a fever, shivering. |
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| What are the SI units for energy? |
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| Joules (J), kilojoules (kJ), Calories (c) |
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| What is a calorie of energy defined as? |
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| The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree. |
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| What is the difference between an energy calorie and a dietary calorie? |
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| A dietary calorie is equal to 1,000 energy calories. |
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| What is the energy value for 1g of protein? |
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| 4 calories, or 17 kJ |
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| What is the energy value for 1g of carbohydrate? |
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| 4 calories, or 16 kJ |
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| What is the energy value for 1g of fat? |
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| 9 calories or 37 kJ |
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| A ________ is the chemical composition in food that is used by the body to provide energy and to promote growth, and to repair and maintain cells. |
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| nutrient |
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| What are the six types of nutrients per your book? |
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| Protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water |
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| Why is it important to have a balanced diet of all six types of nutrients? |
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| Each nutrient provides something unique to the body that the other nutrients cannot provide. |
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| What does ADP stand for? Is it considered high or low energy? |
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| Adenosine DiPhosphate - it is considered low energy |
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| What does ATP stand for? Is it considered high or low energy? |
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| Adenosine TriPhosphate - it is considered high energy |
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| Is energy stored in the body as ATP or ADP? |
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| ATP; it is higher in energy. |
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| In each of our cells, glucose is broken down (oxidized-reacted with oxygen) by a complex set of multi-step processes. Why? What does this produce? |
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| To produce energy in the form of ATP |
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| We know that the main product of glucose oxidation is ATP. What are the other two byproducts? |
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| Water and Carbon Dioxide |
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| The chemical reaction for the oxidation of glucose into ATP and its byproducts, which should be memorized is as follows: 1 C6H12O6 + O2 6 H2O + 6 CO2 + __ ATP. |
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| 38 ATP are produced. One molecule of Glucose and one molecule of Oxygen react together to form six molecules of water, six molecules of carbon dioxide, and 38 molecules of ATP. This is known as the overall reaction equation. |
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| By Le Chatelier’s Principle, more glucose and/or oxygen will favor the glucose oxidation reaction by moving to the right as will a ________ in a cells’ levels of water, carbon dioxide and/or energy (ATP). |
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| decrease |
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| Our bodies DIRECTLY utilize available _______ in our blood and thus our cells FIRST towards producing ATP |
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| glucose |
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| If insufficient levels of blood glucose are available for required body energy, additional energy reserves are called forth and utilized (broken down for energy) in a complex but understandable order with the ultimate intent of PROTECTING OUR BRAINS by allowing the rest of the body to degrade to feed the brain tissue/organ. What are the second, third, and fourth additional energy reserves? |
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| 2. Glycogen breakdown 3. Lipid breakdown 4. Protein breakdown |
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| What is glycolysis? |
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| Breaking down of glucose – Lysis of glucose |
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| What is gluconeogenesis? |
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| Formation of glucose from other molecules |
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| What is glycogenolysis? |
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| Breakdown of glycogen. |
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| What is glycogenesis? |
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| Formation of glycogen |
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| _____________ are used directly (broken down for energy) in the classical glycolysis process |
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| Carbohydrates |
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| If blood glucose levels dip too low, which hormones are releases? |
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| Cortisol, Glucagon, and Epinephrine |
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| What do Cortisol, Glucagon, and Epinephrine do in response to low blood glucose? |
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| They work to break poly-saccharide glycogen down into the mono-saccharide glucose |
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| How does insulin affect blood glucose levels? |
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| Insulin causes glucose to be absorbed from the blood into muscular and adipose (fat) tissue, causing the body to store fat rather than use it for energy. This results in lowered blood glucose levels. |
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| We know that glucose and glycogen levels exist in an equilibrium within the body. When the blood glucose levels dip too low, what role does glycogen play? |
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| Glycogen is the second energy reserve. When blood glucose levels dip too low, glycogen stored in the liver and skeletal muscle is used to create energy for the body. |
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| The bodies most concentrated form of energy storage is: |
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| Lipids |
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| Lipids break down to form two things, what are they? |
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| Fatty Acids and glycerol. |
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| One type of lipid metabolism product is known as a fatty acid. This eventually leads to which part of the Krebs cycle? |
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| Acetyl-Coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) |
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| One type of lipid metabolism product is called glycogen. What is glycogen used for? |
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| It is used to feed into the glycolysis cycle directly |
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| A C18 fatty acid yields ___ ATP molecules and a C16 one ___ ATP molecules. |
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| 146, 129 |
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| Lipid-based energy is used in every cell of the body but the _____ tissue which uses glucose directly |
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| brain |
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| _______ __________ occurs when muscle tissue, proteins, are broken down for energy. This only usually occurs when the majority of the lipid reserves in the body are depleted such as cases of severe starvation |
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| Protein Metabolism |
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| Amino acids are not/are normally stored in the body for energy |
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| are not |
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| If protein metabolism is needed, the amine is removed from each amino acid molecule and sent to the _____ for disposal as ____ and the remainder of the molecule is oxidized as if it were a carbohydrate as part of the Kreb cycle |
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| urine, urea |
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| Protein metabolism mostly provide a small/large amount of energy per amino acid molecule. This is reserved for emergency cases of energy needs only |
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| small |
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| For optimal health, we need a specific amount [concentration] of glucose in the blood that is homeostatically-controlled in or around __ - ___ mg/dL, as measured before which meal? |
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| 70-100, breakfast |
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| If this number gets as high as ___ - ___mg/dL after a meal there is not a whole lot of room for concern |
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| 130 - 140 |
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| Blood glucose levels below about 60-65mg/dL |
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| hypoglycemia |
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| Blood glucose levels above about 180-200 mg/dL |
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| hyperglycemia |
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| What are some symptoms of hypoglycemia? |
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| hunger, shakiness, racing of the heart then loss of mental function and unconsciousness |
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| Which disease is characterized by an inability to control blood glucose levels? |
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| Diabetes |
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| _______ feeds infection, chronic inflammation, and promotes the formation of blood clots which is why 80% of diabetes patients die from cardiovascular disease |
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| glucose |
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| As many as __% of the over-40 crowd in the West possess blood sugar imbalance that is the forerunner of type 2-diabetes (dysglycemia) |
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| 50% |
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| Approximately what percentage of the population has diabetes? |
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| 7.8% |
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| Diabetes is the ___ leading cause of death nationally – over 233,000 deaths per year |
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| 7th |
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| This disease is a leading cause of adult blindness, lower-limb amputation, kidney disease, and nerve damage. |
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| diabetes |
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| Normally, our glucose concentration in our blood is controlled by a set of hormones. Which hormone lowers blood sugar levels, and which 3 work together to raise blood sugar levels? |
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| – Insulin lowers blood sugar – Glucagon, Cortisol, and adrenalin raise blood sugar |
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| When we eat, the simple carbohydrates like glucose are absorbed in our intestines and enter our bloodstream. __________ ____ _____ pump out insulin to stash away this extra glucose in our muscles for instant energy or in fat cells where it is stored. |
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| Pancreatic Beta Cells |
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| This organ is one of the main places for the storage and release of glucose: |
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| Liver |
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| One factor that is highly correlated with diabetes is obesity. Approximately what percentage of people with diabetes are overweight? |
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| about 80% |
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| What are the two main causes of type 2 diabetes? |
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| Poor diet and lack of exercise |
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| What does BMI stand for? |
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| Body Mass Index |
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| A BMI of less than 18.5 is considered to be: |
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| underweight |
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| A BMI between 18.5 and 25 is considered to be: |
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| normal |
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| A BMI between 25 and 30 is considered to be: |
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| over weight |
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| A BMI of 30 or greater is considered to be: |
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| obese |
