PRESCHOOL AND SCHOOL AGED DEVELOPMENT – Flashcards
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what age is considered school-age?
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6-12 years
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where does the school-age stage begin?
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the shedding of deciduous teeth
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where does the school-age stage end?
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beginning of puberty and acquisition of permanent teeth
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what happens with maturity in the school age child??
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physical and emotional maturity progress
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what is relevant in size when it comes to boys and girls in middle childhood (school aged)?
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they both differ little in size
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how are the movements of school age children compared to preschoolers?
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more graceful
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what happens to the bladder capacity of school age children?
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it increases
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what happens with to the immune system of school age children?
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increasingly effective
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what do the bones of school age children do?
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continue to ossify
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is physical maturity correlated with emotional and social maturity in school age children?
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hell no
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when does preadolescence start?
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period of 2 years before age 13 (does this mean 11? please answer back when you see this)
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when does prepubescence typically occur?
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during preadolescence
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does prepubescence happen at the same age for every child?
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no it varies from 9-12 years of age girls are about 2 years ahead of boys
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when does puberty begin for girls?
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10 years of age
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when does puberty begin for boys?
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12 years of age
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what is Erikson's stage of development for school age children?
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Industry vs Inferiority
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What does industry mean?
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- Stage of accomplishment - Eagerness to develop skills and participate in meaningful and socially useful work - Acquisition of sense of personal and interpersonal competence - Growing sense of independence- Peer approval: a strong motivator
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What does inferiority mean?
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- Feelings may derive from self or social environment - Feelings may occur if child is unable or unprepared to assume the responsibilities associated with developing a sense of accomplishment - All children feel some degree of inferiority regarding skill(s) they cannot master
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who do relationships revolve around for school age children?
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same-sex peers
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Latency period (Freud's) for school age children
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- Precedes heterosexual fascination that occurs in puberty - A time of tranquility
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what do school age children develop?
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conscious awareness of a variety of self-perceptions (abilities, values, appearance)
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who helps school age children experience success?
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significant adults
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what does positive self-concept lead to for school age children?
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feelings of self-respect, self-confidence, and happiness
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what should you do to provide opportunities for promoting self-esteem in school age children?
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- assuming responsibility and following rules - making responsible choices & problem-solving
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what should you do to promote self-esteem as a parent for school age children?
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• Give praise, encouragement, and positive feedback • Allow child to make mistakes and take responsibility for consequences • Emphasize strengths and help improve weaknesses • Provide assistance, suggestions, and praise for homework, not answers! • Model appropriate behavior toward others• Provide consistent and demonstrative love
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what influences feelings of inferiority in school age children?
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Increased awareness of "differences" (e.g., hearing or visual defects)
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who is body image influenced by in school age children?
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significant others
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do children like themselves more or less as they grow older?
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less
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what is the most important part of the body to school age children?
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the head (hair and eye color)
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what happens with school age children's cognitive development?
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- Uses thought processes to experience events and actions - Develops understanding of relationships between things and ideas - Is able to make judgments on the basis of reason ("conceptual thinking") - Masters the concept of conservation- Develops classification skills
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what guides choices and decisions at ages 6-7?
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rewards and punishments
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what does the older school age child do in order to make decisions?
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child is able to judge an act by the intentions that prompted it
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what happens in regards to moral standards and development of conscience in school age children?
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rules and judgments become more founded on needs and desires of others
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what happens during school age children's spiritual development?
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• Children think in very concrete terms • Children are avid learners with a desire to know their God
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what do school age children begin to expect to happen/think will happen in terms of God?
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• Children expect punishment for misbehavior • Children may view illness or injury as punishment for a real or imagined misdeed
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what is extremely important to school age children socially?
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• The peer group • Identification with peers is a strong influence in achieving independence from parents
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what is strongly influenced by peer relationships for school age children?
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sex roles
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what begins to happen in the social aspect of peers with school age children?
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- Formation of formalized groups - Bullying
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what happens in relationships with families for school age children?
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- Parents are primary influence in shaping child's personality, behavior, and value system - Increasing independence from parents is primary goal of middle childhood - Parents need to be adults, not friends
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what do school age children play like?
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• Rules and rituals • Team play • Quiet games and activities • Ego mastery
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what is part of the school experience for school age children?
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- Sharp break in the structure of the child's world - School is second only to the family as socializing agent - Values of the society are transmitted in school - Peer relationships become increasingly important
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"latchkey children" (school age children)
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a child who is at home without adult supervision for some part of the day, especially after school until a parent returns from work.
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peer victimization is also known as what?
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bullying
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is bullying an important health issue for school-aged children?
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yes
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where does bullying happen?
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inside and outside of school
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can bullying cause long-term emotional problems for both the child being bullied and the bully?
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yes
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what are sources of stress for school age children children?
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• Societal change • School • Competitive sports • Tight schedules • Family pressures • Influence of the media • Fear of violence • Chaotic living conditions
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what are the manifestations of stress for school age children children?
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• Unhappiness, moodiness• Irritability, increased aggressive behavior• Fatigue, inability to concentrate• Hyperactivity• Changes in eating or sleeping habits• Physical complaints (nausea, headaches, stomachaches)• Bed-wetting• Substance abuse• Diminished school performance• Suicidal behavior
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what is important to know regarding nutrition and school age children?
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- Importance of balanced diet to promote growth - Quality of diet related to family's pattern of eating - Developing a taste for a variety of foods - "Fast food" concerns - MyPlate
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should you use food as an award
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hell no
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what should you do to prevent and manage obesity in school age children?
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• Establish consistent meal and snack times • Offer healthy food options and limit fast-food meals • Model healthy eating and exercise habits • Encourage fun, physical family activities • Praise healthy food and activity choices
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what's important to know about dental health in school age children ?
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eruption of permanent teeth
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how much sleep does a school age child usually get?
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Sleep averages 9-11 hours/night during school age but is highly individualized
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at what age will children resist going to bed?
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8-11 year of age
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who are less resistant to bedtimes?
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children 12 years and older
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what is the concern regarding early participation in competitive sports and school age children?
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physical and emotional maturity in competitive environment
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do school age children generally like competition?
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yes
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how should you assess physical activity for school age and adolescent patients?
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• Physical activity patterns of parents • Ask about amount of activity child does -Physical education during school -May be limited due to budget cuts • Suggest activities child and family can do together • Discuss protective equipment
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when is the ideal time for formal sex education?
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middle childhood - Lifespan approach - Information on sexual maturity and process of reproduction - Effective communication with parents
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is sex play a normal part of curosity during preadolescence?
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yes
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what is the nurse's role in sex education for school age children?
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• Treating sex as normal part of growth and development • Questions and answers • Differentiation between "sex" and "sexuality" • Values, problem-solving skills • Open communication with parents
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what are the components that should be talked about in sex education with school age children?
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• Basic anatomy and physiology • Body functions • Expected changes related to puberty • Menstruation, nocturnal emissions • Reproduction • Teenage pregnancy • HIV infection prevention • Sexually transmitted disease prevention
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what is the most common cause of severe injury and death in school-age children?
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motor vehicle crashes: pedestrian and passenger
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what should be done for injury protection in school age children?
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• Bicycle injuries: benefits of bike helmets • Appropriate safety equipment for all sports
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why are school age children more susceptible to injuries?
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moving from home environment to community less fear when playing increased use of tools
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what are other important safety issues for school age children?
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prevention of fire and burn injuries drowning
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what should parents know about their school age child?
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• Parents adjust to child's increasing independence • Parents provide support as unobtrusively as possible • Child moves from narrow family relationships to broader world of relationships
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what is considered preschool age?
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3-5 years
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what is the most significant lifestyle change for preschoolers?
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going to school
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what happens to physical growth in the preschool child?
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it slows and stabilizes
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what happens to the body systems in the preschool child?
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mature and stabilize can adjust to moderate stress and change
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what gross motor skills does the preschool child develop?
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Walking, running, climbing, and jumping well established
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what fine motor skills does the preschool child develop?
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- Refinement in eye-hand and muscle coordination - Skillful manipulation (dressing, drawing)
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What is Erikson's stage for the preschool child?
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-Initiative vs. Guilt -Feelings of guilt, anxiety, and fear: may result from thoughts that differ from expected behavior
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what does it mean when preschool child develops a superego?
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develop a conscious learning right from wrong/moral development development of conscious strongly linked to spirituality development
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what do preschool child have the ability to do?
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Ability to consider other viewpoints
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does the preschool child know the concept of time?
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no, but they incompletely understand it know what time is and that it exists
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what kind of thinking do preschoolers have?
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"Magical thinking" Animism Irreversibility
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what do preschoolers begin to understand?
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the concept of causality cause and effect
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what moral stage of development are preschoolers at?
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Preconventional or premoral level (Kohlberg)
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what does preconventional or premoral level mean?
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- Basic level of moral judgment - Punishment and obedience orientation - Naïve instrumental orientation - Very concrete sense of justice and fairness
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how is knowledge of faith and religion learned for preschoolers?
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from significant others and from religious practices
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how might preschoolers think of God?
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may misinterpret an illness as a punishment from God
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how do preschoolers see their body?
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aware of race, difference in appearance, and biases
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how do preschoolers define their body boundaries?
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- poorly - Children fear that if skin is "broken," all blood and "insides" can leak out - Intrusive experiences are frightening
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how do preschoolers interact with their parents?
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-forms strong attachment to opposite-sex parent while identifying with same-sex parent -Child evinces sex role limitation, "dressing up like Mommy or Daddy"
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do preschoolers start becoming modest?
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yes (except for Kaleb lol)
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what happens sexually with preschoolers?
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Sexual exploration is more pronounced Questions arise about sexual reproduction
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how do preschoolers feel about separating from their parents?
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• Separation-individuation process is completed • Stranger anxiety and fear of separation from parents are overcome • Parental security and guidance are still needed
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where do preschoolers get a sense of security from?
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• Security is derived from familiar objects (true story: needed my teddy bear with me when I got my tonsils out bc I thought I wasn't alone. I was in first grade) • Play therapy is beneficial for working through fears, anxieties, and fantasies
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how do preschoolers communicate?
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• Language is the major mode of communication and social interaction • Vocabulary increases dramatically between ages 2 and 5 years • Complexity of language use increases between ages 2 and 5 years
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what's different now with preschoolers than in toddlerhood?
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Ritualism and negativism of toddlerhood diminish
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what does the preschool child like to do on their own?
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dress themself
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what does the preschool child want to do?
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wants to please parents
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how does preschool child see/relate to family?
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• Child has internalized values and standards of family and culture • Child may begin to challenge family's code of conduct
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how do preschoolers play?
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• Associative play - Group play without rules • Imitative play • Imaginative play - Imaginary playmates • Dramatic play• Mutual play
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what happens in relevance to school for preschoolers?
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- Developmental screening tool to assess readiness for school - Importance of infection control in school setting - Introduction of child to school and teachers
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what should you do in regards to sex education and preschoolers?
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• Find out what children know and think - This information helps ascertain what the child wants to know - Use correct anatomic words - Be honest
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at what age does masturbation start?
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4 private act (this is disturbing)
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what are some common fears for preschoolers?
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• Dark • Being left alone • Animals (large dogs) • Ghosts • Sexual matters (castration) • Objects or people associated with pain
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what are stressors for preschoolers?
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- Birth of a sibling - Divorce or separation - Relocation - Illness
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what is important to know about stress for preschoolers?
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• Minimum amounts of stress: can be beneficial • Parental awareness of signs of stress in child's life
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what is aggression?
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• Behavior that attempts to hurt person or destroy property
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what can cause aggression?
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• May be influenced by biologic, sociocultural, and familiar variables • Factors that increase aggressive behavior: gender, frustration, modeling, and reinforcement
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when do speech problems usually develop?
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• Most critical period is between 2 and 4 years of age
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what happens if preschoolers fail to master sensorimotor integration?
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- Stuttering - Stammering
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what is the caloric requirement for preschoolers?
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approximately 1400-1600 calories per day
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what is the liquid requirement for preschoolers?
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approximately 100 mL/kg, depending on activity and climate
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what else is there to know about nutrition for preschoolers?
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- Food fads, strong tastes: common - Amount of food: varies greatly from day to day - Obesity in young children has increased dramatically
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how much sleep do preschoolers get each night? do they take naps?
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•Sleep: 12 hours per night - Infrequent naps
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is it common for them to walk at night?
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yes
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what are preschoolers motor activity level?
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- Emphasis on fun and safety - Readiness to participate in sports - Sedentary activity such as TV and computer time: should be limited
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what kind of sleep problems can start to happen with preschoolers?
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• Nightmares • Sleep terrors
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what should you do every night for preschoolers ?
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encouraged to have consistent bedtime ritual
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what should the preschool child do when it will be bedtime soon?
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slowdown activity
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what happens to preschoolers deciduous teeth?
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all are erupted
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what should happen with brushing teeth for preschoolers?
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supervision and assistance parents should floss
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what foods should you limit bc of preschoolers teeth?
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cariogenic foods
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what supplements might preschoolers need for their teeth?
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fluoride supplements
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should preschoolers see a dentist for professional and prophylactic care?
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yes
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who should you be educating on safety of the preschool child, hazards, motor vehicles, and protection?
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the parents
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what are some examples of appropriate protection and safety hazards for the preschool child?
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bike helmet protective equipment
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how does child care change for the preschooler?
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focus shifts from protection to education -verbal explanations on how to avoid danger
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what do preschool children question?
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previous teachings of parents
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what do preschool children start to want?
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companionship of peers
