Praxis Reading Specialist Test
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aesthetic reading
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reading for pleasure
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analogy phonics
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teaching students to use parts of known words (such as onsets and rimes) to read unfamiliar print words
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analytic phonics
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teaching students to analyze letter-sound relations in previously learned words in order to avoid pronouncing sounds in isolation
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antonym
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two words with opposite meanings
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automaticity
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automatic word recognition
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blend
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Two letters together that make two sounds. For example, bl, pl, fl, st, tr
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choral reading
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reading aloud in unison with a whole class or group of students- used to develop oral reading fluency.
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criterion-referenced
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a test that measures certain criteria (knowledge about a specific set of facts or skills). --if a student knows the material, they will pass the test. Results reported in percentage.
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cloze passage
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used for vocabulary instruction, omitting every fifth word in a passage--students use context clues to figure out the missing word
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connecting reading and writing
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reading and writing naturally support acquisition of one another--an effective way to teach reading is through writing, and an effective way to teach writing is through reading
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context clues
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words or phrases that help the reader understand another word of phrase
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Caldecott Medal
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award for the most distinguished artwork in a picture book
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concepts of print
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awareness of directionality, book cover, title... (connected to Marie Clay's work in Reading Recovery)
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deep structure
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sets of skills and strategies that help readers and writers comprehend literally to grasp a plot, comprehend deeply to prob ideas, and extend and apply their understanding--includes semantic, schematic and pragmatic system (think comprehension strategies and Keene)
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digraph
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two letters together that create a new sound. ex: sh, ph, ch, th
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dipthong
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a sliding vowel sound, such as -oy in boy, oi in oil, ou in house
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efficient and effective
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definition of a \"proficient\" reader
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ELL/dialect miscues
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do not count on a miscue analysis
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emergent literacy
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the reading and writing behaviors that precede and develop into conventional literacy
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echo reading
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students echo what the teacher reads. used for emergent readers to build fluency and expression.
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efferent reading
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reading for the main purpose of information, to gain meaning, from Louise Rosenblatt
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Fluency
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ability to read accurately and with expression
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fluid grouping
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students grouped together briefly to work on a specific skill/concept
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frustration level
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Reading level at which the student can't accurately recognize or comprehed the text. 90% or below word recognition and 50% or below comprehension. The reader makes more than one mistake in every 10 words read and does not understand what is being read (based onMarie Clay's work on reading recovery)
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graphic cues
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cues from letters and letter patterns
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Yetta Goodman
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mother of the miscue analysis and looking for the quality of miscues
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John Guthrie
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focus on motivation in adolescent readers
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guided reading
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teacher-directed reading groups
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homonym
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two words having same pronunciation but having different meanings, origins or spellings
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Iowa Basic Skills Test
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standardized test battery for elementary students
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Instructional Reading Level
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Reading level at which a student recognizes and comprehends words well enough to avoid frustration, but still requires some assistance or guidance from teacher. 90-95% accuracy and 80% comprehension
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Informal Reading Inventory (IRI)
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short passages with comprehension questions, often used to gauge student's independent, instructional, and frustration reading levels.
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Psycholinguistic
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The study of the relationships between linguistic behavior and psychological processes, including the process of language acquisition
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KWL
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pre-reading activity for expository text that asks the reader what they KNOW, what they WANT to know, and what they LEARNED.
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Literature Circles
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Students read common texts and have discussions about the shared reading to increase critical thinking and response to text. Often with set roles (discussion director, mind image creator, question asker, etc.)
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Lexile score
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A measure of a book's reading difficulty that makes difficulty comparable from book to book, developed by MetaMetrics. Used for leveling texts.
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Language Experience Approach
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Teacher writes down what the child says so that it is easy for the child to read it back to them.
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Qualitative Data
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data described by characteristics or properties
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Morpheme
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Smallest linguistic unit that has meaning ex: in \"walking\", both \"walk\" and \"ing\" are this unit
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Newberry Award
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given for most distinguished children's literature every year
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Norm-Referenced Tests
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Tests used to rank students. Scores are compared to the scores of others who have already taken the test. Results are reported using a Bell Curve. Ex: SAT, CTSB, Iowa Test of Basic Skills, California Achievement Test)
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Onset
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Any sound or sounds that may occur before the vowel in a syllable ex: \"M\" in \"man\"
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Orthography
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The study of spelling
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Phoneme
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the smallest meaning- signaling unit of sound in a language. may be a letter or goupr of letters ex: s, th
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Phonics
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The letter/sound relationship in language.
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Phonemic Awareness
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Awareness that there are separable sounds in words; the ability to hear seperate phenomes in words
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Phonological Awareness
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awareness of larger spoken unit such as syllables and phonemic awareness
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Quantitative Data
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data described in terms of numerical values
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Qualities of Miscues
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do they fit with the context of the passage?
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Rime
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the vowel of a syllable, plus any consonant sounds
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Readability
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quality of language that makes it easy to read and understand.
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reciprocal teaching
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technique that takes place in form of dialogue between teacher and students to develop comprehension of expository text, using four primary questions to frame work and elevate meaning connected to text: Prediction, Questioning, Summarizing, and Clarifying confusing passages.
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reliability
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the consistency of a test/measurement
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Reading Recovery
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Marie Clay invented early literacy intervention program for first graders performing in lowest quartile. One on one, 5 days a week, 30min per lesson, for 12-20+ weeks. Connected with a Running Record.
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Realia
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using artifacts to support learning
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Louise Rosenblatt
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creator fo Transactional Theory of reading, where meaning arises from the trasnaction between reader and text and the reader enters reading the text with their own knowledge.
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Synonym
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two words that mean the same thing
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Syllable
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the largest sound unit within a word
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Semantic Feature Analysis (SFA)
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usually a grid that compares/shows differences and similarites
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Segmentation
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breaking a word into smaller pieces
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Shared Reading
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reading approach where the teacher models explicitly the strategies and skills of a proficient reader
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SQ3R
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Survey, Question, Read, Read-Recite-Review - a secondary reading tool
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schema
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what you know about what you are reading - background knowledge
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Surface Structure
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grammatical clues on printed page, including graphophonics, lexical, and syntactic systems. \"Sets of skills that help readers / writers identify words and read fluently.\" (Keene)
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Semantic Clues
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Use of knowledge about the subject of the text and words associated with that subject to identify an unknown word within a text: meaning cues from each sentence and the evolving whole
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Syntactic Clues
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grammatical cues like word order, function words, and word endings
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Schwa
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An unstressed, de-emphasized sound similar to the short \"u\" sounds in \"uh\" and \"mumps\". ex: \"a\" in banana, \"o\" in some, \"I\" in pencil.
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Scaffolding
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helping students do what they cannot learn alone by modeling the process and then helping them become a little more independent each time
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Structural Analysis
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using the knowledge of a word and sentence structure to make meaning
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Validity
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does the measure/assessment measure what it is supposed to measure?
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95% accuracy
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what students are supposed to read at within a given text before moving on to a more difficult level (connected to Reading Recovery with Marie Clay)
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Narrow Reading
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Reading in only one genre (helps reader develop background knowledge- Krashen)
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Intertextuality
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relationship between texts
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Stanine
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a method of scaling test scores on a nine-point standard scale with a mean of five (5) and a standard deviation of two (2)
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Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP)
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NCLB term for the minimum level of improvement that school districts and schools must achieve each year
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Corrective Action
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NCLB term for when a Title I school or district does not make AYP for 4 years in a row, the state will place it under a corrective action plan. The plan will include resources to improve teaching, administration, or curriculum. If no progress is made, then the state has increased authority to make necessary additional improvements to ensure improvement.
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Limited English Proficiency (LEP)
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Students for whom English is a second language and who are not reading or writing English at grade level.
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No Child Left Behind (NCLB)
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The most recent authorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, which is the principal federal law affecting K-12 education.
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Oregon Education Act for the 21st Century
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Oregon law beginning in 1991 calling for increased benchmark testing and parent/public involvement and reporting of progress
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Proficiency
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NCLB term for Mastery of subject matter at grade level
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Restructuring
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NCLB term for Title I schools not making AYP for 6 years in a row must do one of the following: reopen as a charter school; replace all or most of relevant school staff; contract with outside entity to operate school; state takeover; or any other major restructuring of the school's governance.
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Safe Harbor
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NCLB provision for schools and districts that are making progress in student achievement but are not yet meeting target goals for AYP. Designed to prevent the over-identification of schools not making AYP.
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Student Subgroups
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NCLB term for subgroups of students based on race/ethnicity, students with disabilities, LEP, and economically disadvantaged for whic schools get disaggregated AYP status
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Supplemental Services
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NCLB term for outside services such as tutoring or academic assistance that low-income students in Title I schools that have been identified as needing improvement for three years are eligible to receive.
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Title I
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Federal funding program aimed at students who are behind academically or at risk of falling behind. Title I Part A funding provides money to improve teaching and learning of children in areas of high poverty. It is based on the number of low-income children in a school: generally those eligible for free lunch.
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Base Word
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The word to which affixes are attached (aka root word)
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Benchmark
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A description or example of candidate or institutional performance that serves as a standard of comparison for evaluation.
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Blending
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The ability to separate sounds and blend them into a single word or syllable.
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Bloom's Taxonomy
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6 levels in cognitive domain identified by Benjamin Bloom: Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation.
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Bound Morpheme
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A morpheme that must be \"bound\" with another morpheme to form a word. Ex: un, ish, es, ed, pre
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Chunking
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Using familiar groups of letters to decode a word. Ex: Using \"at\" in \"cat\" to decode word.
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Concept Maps
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A visual organizer and representation of information on a topic (similar to Semantic Webs)
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Consonant Blend
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Two or Three consonants blended together where each sound is heard. ex: st, bl, str
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Consonant Digraph
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Pair of cononants that make a single sound different from the individual sound. ex: th, sh, ph
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Diagnostic Testing
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Use of assessment about student problems and progress to design lesson plans and organize reading instruction.
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Etymology
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the study of words and their origins and histories
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Free Morpheme
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a morpheme that is a complete word on its own: dog, lid, car
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Grapheme
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An individual letter.
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Graphophonic Cues
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Sounding out words
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Independent Reading Level
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Reading level at which students can accurately recognize and comprehend words well enough that no teacher guidance is needed. (99% accuracy, 90% comprehension).
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Inversions
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The reversal or flipping of letters either horizontally or vertically. Ex\" p - d, d-p, m-w, u-n. Not unusual for emergent writers or readers.
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R-Controlled
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A vowel sounds, such as the \"o\" in sailor that is neither long nor short
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Schemata
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schema
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Semantic Feature Analysis (SFA)
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A technique used to explore how a set of things are related to one another. Using a grid, you sort out the similarities and differences among a group of events, objects, peole, or ideas.
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Vowel Digraphs
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Two adjacent vowels in a syllable represents one speech sound ex: \"ee\" in \"seed\", \"oa\" in \"goat\", \"ai\" in \"pain\"
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Context clues
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Definitions, descriptions, restatements
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Prosody
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Expression is reading
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Fluency
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Ability to read accurately and with expression, Concentrating on the meaning
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Over generalization
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Applies to rules of language ex: eated - ate
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Affective
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Attitudes, beliefs, interests
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Story grammar
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Set of rules that describes organization of the story: sequence of events helps reader predict what follows each element they read
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Positive transfer
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Students first language promotes acquisition of English ex: learning pronouns
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Allomorph
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All changes of morphemes ex: s in cats OR en in oxen
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Allophone
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Pin and spin are allophones of phoneme p
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Whole language
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Emphasizes working in groups
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Phonics
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Analytical, helps students sound out words, expands vocabulary
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Comprehension
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Reading in meaningful units
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CIRC
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Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition, scripted - 2days trained - use basalt or anthologies - teacher led
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Paradigm
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Set of all its word forms
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Inflected forms / inflection
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Case 's - number s, es - gender ess - number and case s'
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Efficacy
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Teacher belief that he/she can affect student performance
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Directed Reading-Thinking Activity
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Guided reading method where teacher divides text into shorter segments and leads kids in predicting, read silently to confirm predictions, discuss to clarify predictions and formulate new predictions
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Word boundary
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Where one word ends and another begins (ex: white space between words)
