Praxis PLT 5624 – Flashcards
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Vygotsky's Role of Private Speech
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children who use private speech learn complex tasks more effectively. Fundamental stage of development comes when children begin to carry on the speech internally, without speaking aloud
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Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development
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problems that a child could solve with the guidance of someone who already knows how. range of problems where real learning takes place
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Vygotsky's Scaffolding Techniques
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provides children with help from more competent peers and adults. supportive techniques include clues, reminders, encouragement
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constructivism
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learning is a constant assimilation of new knowledge and experiences into each students unique way of viewing the world. Piaget and theories led to this philosophy
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Bloom's Taxonomy
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knowledge-readily factual info. comprehension-using factual info to answer a question. application-taking abstract concepts together. analysis-breaking down a question into concepts. synthesis-connecting concepts. evaluation-making considered judgments. Students develop thinking skills in the above order. Teachers should try to develop higher-order thinking skills.
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Affective domain
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includes participation, including listening and speaking, defending positions, and recognizing the opinions of others
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psychomotor domain
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abilities related to physical prowess. ranging from reflexes to skilled motions. Includes the ability to communicate through motion (dancing, miming)
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Erikson's Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development
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Identified eight stages of personal and social development, each of which takes the form of a resolution of an identity crisis. Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 18 mo) Autonomy vs. Doubt (18 mo to 3 yrs) Initiative vs Guilt (3-6) Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12) Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18) Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adult) Generativity vs. Self-Absorption (middle age) Integrity vs. Despair (late adulthood)
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Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Reasoning
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split moral development into three levels, each contains two stages Level 1- pre-conventional moral reasoning Stage 1- punishment and obedience orientation stage 2- instrumental relativist orientation level 2- conventional moral reasoning stage 1- good boy/girl orientation stage 2- law and order orientation level 3- post-conventional moral reasoning stage 1- social contract orientation stage 2- universal ethical principal orientation
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Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory
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A developmental psychological categorized the following eight types of intelligence. Logical-Mathematical Linguistic Musical Spatial Naturalist Bodily-Kinesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal
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Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
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IDEA, passed om 1975. provides special education services to eligible 3-21. In 1997, it was reauthorized and modified to allow parents and teachers to be more involved in services
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Individual Education Program
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IEP, outlines the educational goals of a child with special needs
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Least Restrictive Environment
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LRE Child with special needs should have the same opportunities as other students to the fullest extent possible
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Thorndike's Laws
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Law of Effect- an action that produces a positive result is likely to be repeated Law of Readiness- many actions can be preformed in sequence to produce a desired affect Law of Exercise- actions that are repeated frequently become stronger
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Pavlov's Conditioned Responses
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Stated that behavior can be learned according to a system of stimulus and response
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
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Believed that children must have certain needs met before they're ready to learn and grow. One cannot progress to the next level until they achieve the previous ones. Deficiency needs- physiological needs, safety, belongingness and love, esteem needs. Growth needs- cognitive needs, aesthetic needs, self-actualization needs
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preoperational stage
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Piaget, developing language skills quickly. Use symbols to represent objects, think through simple problems, egocentric (age 2-7
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sensorimotor stage
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Piaget, most children pass through this stage by the time they reach age of formal instruction. object permanence, goal oriented behavior (0-2)
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Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
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Learning happens as people adjust to their environment. Assimilation and adoption.
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Concrete Operational Stage
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Piaget reversibility-reverse thinking transitivity- classify objects according to given criterion (7-11)
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Formal Operational Stage
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Piaget, not all students reach the formal operational stage. characterized by the ability to solve abstract problems involving many independent elements. hypothetical-deductive reasoning (11-adult)
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Vygotsky
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Educational psychologist whose theories center on four main ideas. 1. importance of culture 2. role of private speech 3. the zone of proximal development 4. scaffolding
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Vygotsky's Importance of Culture
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Environmental and cultural factors have an enormous influence on what children learn. Environment and culture dictate what methods the children will find useful and what priorities will be
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Bandura's Concept of Reinforcement
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People learn behavior by watching others, trying the behavior themselves, and deciding whether the behavior was beneficial or detrimental
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Skinner's Operant Conditioning
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Believed you could use a system of positive and negative reinforcements to affect voluntary behavior
