Q: Roots of personality psychology can be traced to the theater because

actors often portray \\\"characters\\\" or easily recognizable types of people.

Question 1

When two personality measures are negatively correlated, this indicates

Accepted Answer

none of these

Question 2

With respect to unconscious forces, personality psychology as a field

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struggles to understand how and to what extent unconscious forces play a role in human behavior.

Question 3

In personality psychology, why are males and females often studied as separate groups?

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To find and understand differences in personality between males and females

Question 4

According to Allport, what is the method by which personality should be studied?

Accepted Answer

Idiographic

Question 5

Roots of personality psychology can be traced to the theater because

Accepted Answer

actors often portray \"characters\" or easily recognizable types of people.

Question 6

The Barnum effect refers to the tendency to

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believe vague generalities about one\'s own personality.

Question 7

A high, negative correlation between sleep deprivation and anxiety would indicate that

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the more sleep deprived a person is, the less likely he/she is to be anxious.

Question 8

The notion that there are personality \"types,\" clusters of characteristics that tend to occur

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can be traced back to the ancient Greeks, at least.

Question 9

Darwin\'s evolutionary theory influenced the development of the field of personality

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the idea that people are subject to the laws of nature, like other animals.

Question 10

What is the definition of the inductive approach?

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Reasoning from data obtained by observation to theory

Question 11

Which of the following does NOT describe a good theory?

Accepted Answer

tautological

Question 12

Advances in the field of biological science

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have helped researchers to think more clearly about what personality is.

Question 13

An important difference between projective techniques and self-report measures is the much greater reliance of the self-report measures on

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the willingness of the examinee to disclose personal information overtly

Question 14

Discriminant validity is established when a test

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does not correlate with measures of unrelated constructs.

Question 15

Which of the following is considered a potential source of bias that could lead to misleading results?

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Response sets

Question 16

An experiment is

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the only research design that allows for causal inferences.

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of a projective test?

Accepted Answer

TAT

Question 18

Test-retest reliability refers to

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temporal stability of a measure.

Question 19

Criterion-related item selection refers to

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selection of items that predict to outcome criteria.

Question 20

The promising technique that can show brain activity by recording the brain\'s use of

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positron emission tomography (PET).

Question 21

Which of the following statements best describes a social desirability response set?

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A bias to pick responses that the respondent believes are expected by society

Question 22

A useful way way to address the \"problem\" that personalities tend to change to some degree over time is

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to look for consistent patterns of response which indicate underlying personality stability.

Question 23

When a person is given a stack of cards naming various characteristics and asked to sort them into piles on a dimension such as \"least characteristic\" to \"most characteristic\" of oneself, this is termed a

Accepted Answer

Q-sort

Question 24

If there is a strong positive correlation between people\'s rated level of charisma and their scores on the Affective Communication test, we can deduce

Accepted Answer

none of these

Question 25

Alfred Kinsey\'s research on human sexual behaviors addressed many private issues with participants through the use of

Accepted Answer

interviews

Question 26

When a televangelist like Jim Bakker passionately preaches religious morality in public while secretly engaging in immoral sex in private, this may be an example of which defense mechanism?

Accepted Answer

reaction formation

Question 27

Reaction formation is when

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unacceptable urges are transformed into their \"opposites.\"

Question 28

According to Freud, penetration into the neurosis of a woman is likely to reveal

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a repressed wish to possess a penis

Question 29

Freud went to Paris to study with the famous neuropathologist J. M. Charcot, who was studying

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hysteria

Question 30

According to Freudian theory, how might dreams be similar to icebergs?

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A small part shows and much is hidden.

Question 31

Freud attributed Little Hans\' phobia of horses to

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Oedipal conflict.

Question 32

Freud\'s view on free will is that:

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Humans are driven by unconscious motivations, not free will

Question 33

In Freud\'s \"Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-Year-Old Boy,\" Little Hans claimed to be afraid of

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horses.

Question 34

Freud argued that the essence of personality was formed by the age of

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twelve for girls, thirteen for boys.

Question 35

The ego

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looks for realistic ways to satisfy the id.

Question 36

The __________ operates under the \"pleasure principle,\" while the __________ operates under the \"reality principle.\"

Accepted Answer

id; ego

Question 37

Which situation best describes the actions of the superego?

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A married man away from home on a business trip declines an invitation to the hotel room of an attractive female colleague because his religious beliefs deem adultery an immoral act

Question 38

Adler\'s typology was based on

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the four Greek humors and social interest/activity level.

Question 39

The stage at which an individual encounters the crisis of trust versus mistrust is

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infancy

Question 40

According to Erikson, healthy development relates to the capacity of an individual to

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successfully negotiate and progress through each of life\'s ego crises.

Question 41

The animus represents __________, while the anima represents __________.

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the male element of a woman; the female element of a man

Question 42

Jung described two major \"attitudes,\" which were

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extroversion and introversion

Question 43

The concept of \"masculine protest\" describes

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individual striving for competence and independence.

Question 44

The theorist known for his theory of self-monitoring is

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Mark Snyder.

Question 45

Erikson\'s theory of development focuses on the idea that

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growth involves stages in which we resolve conflicts throughout life.

Question 46

A relational perspective suggests that

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initial patterns of self-other relations influence our self-concepts and social relations later in life.

Question 47

Eunice is a retired bookkeeper who, although she experienced no particular hardships in her life, is now miserable. As she looks back on her life she sees many things that she wishes she had done differently. For instance, she feels that her work was not a meaningful contribution to society, thinks her adult children don\'t have good moral values, and she regrets that she did not pursue higher education (she often thought about it, but somehow things never worked out) . Erikson would say that Eunice is experiencing the crisis of __________.

Accepted Answer

ego integrity vs. despair

Question 48

In Horney\'s view, a person who adapts to the world by being compliant has adopted which style of adaptation?

Accepted Answer

Passive style

Question 49

Who, in his therapy, often played the role of \"therapist-qua-parent\" in an attempt to help patients develop a healthy self-concept and overcome their narcissism?

Accepted Answer

Kohut

Question 50

Archetypes are

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powerful emotional symbols rooted in our human history.

Question 51

Initially Bob was supposed to go to a concert tonight with his friends, but then Sheila asked him to go to a movie. He was really excited about the concert, but has had his eye on Sheila for over a year now. Bob is experiencing

Accepted Answer

an approach-approach conflict.

Question 52

Great-uncle Lyle seems to have lost all motivation to be active. He finds it hard to get to work and to enjoy recreation. He often says that things \"just aren\'t worth doing.\" Skinner would suggest that this behavior pattern is a result of

Accepted Answer

a behavioral deficit.

Question 53

The central idea behind the concept of operant conditioning is that

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behavior is changed by manipulating its consequences.

Question 54

It is said that there is no price for good healthâlife is priceless. When doctors are paid for costs associated with each treatment that they provide to their Medicare patients, the bills skyrocket. If doctors receive a fixed amount of money for each Medicare patient they treat, the number of hospitalizations and medical procedures performed goes down. This phenomenon is most easily explained by which basic approach to understanding individual human behavior?

Accepted Answer

behaviorist

Question 55

When a primary drive impels someone toward a behavior and a secondary drives impels the person away from that same behavior, __________ develops.

Accepted Answer

an approach-avoidance conflict

Question 56

Superstitious behaviors, such as wearing a lucky ring or eating special foods prior to an important event are best explained by

Accepted Answer

learning through reinforcement.

Question 57

A \"habit hierarchy\" describes

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a learned hierarchy of likelihoods that a person will respond to a situation in a specific way, based on predicted rewards.

Question 58

A client comes to a therapist complaining of a great fear (phobia. of heights) The therapist first has the individual describe and think about increasingly high places. Next he goes with the client to the first floor of a tall building, all the while encouraging and reassuring. They spend time looking out the window until the client is comfortable, then they go up one floor. Gradually they work their way up to the top floor of a very high skyscraper. The treatment method the therapist is employing is called

Accepted Answer

systematic desensitization

Question 59

Skinner asserts that human feelings

Accepted Answer

are caused by environmental events.

Question 60

In his studies with Rhesus monkeys, Harlow found that

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infant monkeys became attached to the cloth mothers, regardless of whether these mothers provided food.

Question 61

Jane was mugged walking home late from work one evening. The event scared Jane so much that she never stays late at work, always takes cabs when it is dark outside, and avoids the street on which she was mugged. This set of responses that occurred after the mugging would be best described by Dollard and Miller as

Accepted Answer

Jane\'s habit hierarchy created after the mugging in situations that mirror the original.

Question 62

Which of the following is a difference between classical conditioning (as defined by Pavlov) and operant condition (as defined by Skinner)?

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning deals with the conditioning of existing responses to occur to new stimuli, but operant conditioning deals with shaping new behavior by using consequences.

Question 63

Social Darwinism supports the notion that

Accepted Answer

\"superior\" societies have the right to invade and conquer \"lesser\" societies.

Question 64

The textbook argues that there should be a field of study called \"personality toxicology\" which would mean that experts would study

Accepted Answer

the effects of environmental toxins on personality.

PPE3003: Personality Psychology 1

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