PPE3003: Personality Psychology 1
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When two personality measures are negatively correlated, this indicates
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none of these
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With respect to unconscious forces, personality psychology as a field
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struggles to understand how and to what extent unconscious forces play a role in human behavior.
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In personality psychology, why are males and females often studied as separate groups?
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To find and understand differences in personality between males and females
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According to Allport, what is the method by which personality should be studied?
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Idiographic
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Roots of personality psychology can be traced to the theater because
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actors often portray \"characters\" or easily recognizable types of people.
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The Barnum effect refers to the tendency to
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believe vague generalities about one's own personality.
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A high, negative correlation between sleep deprivation and anxiety would indicate that
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the more sleep deprived a person is, the less likely he/she is to be anxious.
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The notion that there are personality \"types,\" clusters of characteristics that tend to occur
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can be traced back to the ancient Greeks, at least.
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Darwin's evolutionary theory influenced the development of the field of personality
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the idea that people are subject to the laws of nature, like other animals.
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What is the definition of the inductive approach?
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Reasoning from data obtained by observation to theory
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Which of the following does NOT describe a good theory?
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tautological
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Advances in the field of biological science
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have helped researchers to think more clearly about what personality is.
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An important difference between projective techniques and self-report measures is the much greater reliance of the self-report measures on
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the willingness of the examinee to disclose personal information overtly
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Discriminant validity is established when a test
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does not correlate with measures of unrelated constructs.
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Which of the following is considered a potential source of bias that could lead to misleading results?
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Response sets
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An experiment is
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the only research design that allows for causal inferences.
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Which of the following is an example of a projective test?
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TAT
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Test-retest reliability refers to
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temporal stability of a measure.
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Criterion-related item selection refers to
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selection of items that predict to outcome criteria.
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The promising technique that can show brain activity by recording the brain's use of
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positron emission tomography (PET).
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Which of the following statements best describes a social desirability response set?
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A bias to pick responses that the respondent believes are expected by society
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A useful way way to address the \"problem\" that personalities tend to change to some degree over time is
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to look for consistent patterns of response which indicate underlying personality stability.
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When a person is given a stack of cards naming various characteristics and asked to sort them into piles on a dimension such as \"least characteristic\" to \"most characteristic\" of oneself, this is termed a
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Q-sort
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If there is a strong positive correlation between people's rated level of charisma and their scores on the Affective Communication test, we can deduce
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none of these
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Alfred Kinsey's research on human sexual behaviors addressed many private issues with participants through the use of
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interviews
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When a televangelist like Jim Bakker passionately preaches religious morality in public while secretly engaging in immoral sex in private, this may be an example of which defense mechanism?
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reaction formation
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Reaction formation is when
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unacceptable urges are transformed into their \"opposites.\"
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According to Freud, penetration into the neurosis of a woman is likely to reveal
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a repressed wish to possess a penis
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Freud went to Paris to study with the famous neuropathologist J. M. Charcot, who was studying
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hysteria
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According to Freudian theory, how might dreams be similar to icebergs?
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A small part shows and much is hidden.
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Freud attributed Little Hans' phobia of horses to
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Oedipal conflict.
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Freud's view on free will is that:
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Humans are driven by unconscious motivations, not free will
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In Freud's \"Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-Year-Old Boy,\" Little Hans claimed to be afraid of
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horses.
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Freud argued that the essence of personality was formed by the age of
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twelve for girls, thirteen for boys.
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The ego
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looks for realistic ways to satisfy the id.
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The __________ operates under the \"pleasure principle,\" while the __________ operates under the \"reality principle.\"
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id; ego
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Which situation best describes the actions of the superego?
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A married man away from home on a business trip declines an invitation to the hotel room of an attractive female colleague because his religious beliefs deem adultery an immoral act
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Adler's typology was based on
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the four Greek humors and social interest/activity level.
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The stage at which an individual encounters the crisis of trust versus mistrust is
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infancy
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According to Erikson, healthy development relates to the capacity of an individual to
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successfully negotiate and progress through each of life's ego crises.
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The animus represents __________, while the anima represents __________.
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the male element of a woman; the female element of a man
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Jung described two major \"attitudes,\" which were
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extroversion and introversion
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The concept of \"masculine protest\" describes
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individual striving for competence and independence.
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The theorist known for his theory of self-monitoring is
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Mark Snyder.
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Erikson's theory of development focuses on the idea that
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growth involves stages in which we resolve conflicts throughout life.
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A relational perspective suggests that
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initial patterns of self-other relations influence our self-concepts and social relations later in life.
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Eunice is a retired bookkeeper who, although she experienced no particular hardships in her life, is now miserable. As she looks back on her life she sees many things that she wishes she had done differently. For instance, she feels that her work was not a meaningful contribution to society, thinks her adult children don't have good moral values, and she regrets that she did not pursue higher education (she often thought about it, but somehow things never worked out) . Erikson would say that Eunice is experiencing the crisis of __________.
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ego integrity vs. despair
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In Horney's view, a person who adapts to the world by being compliant has adopted which style of adaptation?
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Passive style
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Who, in his therapy, often played the role of \"therapist-qua-parent\" in an attempt to help patients develop a healthy self-concept and overcome their narcissism?
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Kohut
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Archetypes are
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powerful emotional symbols rooted in our human history.
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Initially Bob was supposed to go to a concert tonight with his friends, but then Sheila asked him to go to a movie. He was really excited about the concert, but has had his eye on Sheila for over a year now. Bob is experiencing
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an approach-approach conflict.
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Great-uncle Lyle seems to have lost all motivation to be active. He finds it hard to get to work and to enjoy recreation. He often says that things \"just aren't worth doing.\" Skinner would suggest that this behavior pattern is a result of
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a behavioral deficit.
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The central idea behind the concept of operant conditioning is that
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behavior is changed by manipulating its consequences.
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It is said that there is no price for good health—life is priceless. When doctors are paid for costs associated with each treatment that they provide to their Medicare patients, the bills skyrocket. If doctors receive a fixed amount of money for each Medicare patient they treat, the number of hospitalizations and medical procedures performed goes down. This phenomenon is most easily explained by which basic approach to understanding individual human behavior?
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behaviorist
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When a primary drive impels someone toward a behavior and a secondary drives impels the person away from that same behavior, __________ develops.
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an approach-avoidance conflict
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Superstitious behaviors, such as wearing a lucky ring or eating special foods prior to an important event are best explained by
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learning through reinforcement.
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A \"habit hierarchy\" describes
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a learned hierarchy of likelihoods that a person will respond to a situation in a specific way, based on predicted rewards.
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A client comes to a therapist complaining of a great fear (phobia. of heights) The therapist first has the individual describe and think about increasingly high places. Next he goes with the client to the first floor of a tall building, all the while encouraging and reassuring. They spend time looking out the window until the client is comfortable, then they go up one floor. Gradually they work their way up to the top floor of a very high skyscraper. The treatment method the therapist is employing is called
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systematic desensitization
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Skinner asserts that human feelings
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are caused by environmental events.
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In his studies with Rhesus monkeys, Harlow found that
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infant monkeys became attached to the cloth mothers, regardless of whether these mothers provided food.
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Jane was mugged walking home late from work one evening. The event scared Jane so much that she never stays late at work, always takes cabs when it is dark outside, and avoids the street on which she was mugged. This set of responses that occurred after the mugging would be best described by Dollard and Miller as
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Jane's habit hierarchy created after the mugging in situations that mirror the original.
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Which of the following is a difference between classical conditioning (as defined by Pavlov) and operant condition (as defined by Skinner)?
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Classical conditioning deals with the conditioning of existing responses to occur to new stimuli, but operant conditioning deals with shaping new behavior by using consequences.
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Social Darwinism supports the notion that
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\"superior\" societies have the right to invade and conquer \"lesser\" societies.
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The textbook argues that there should be a field of study called \"personality toxicology\" which would mean that experts would study
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the effects of environmental toxins on personality.
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The Cinderella phenomenon describes
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the tendency for biological children to be treated better than stepchildren.
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Sociobiologists study what?
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The reasons for the evolution of animal social behaviors
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In regard to the biological determination of homosexuality,
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some structural differences have been found when comparing the brains of homosexual with heterosexual men.
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Sally is outgoing and responsible. She has worked at the same job since graduating college and still socializes with the same people she met in college. She has been married for 15 years to an outgoing and kind man. Jane, on the other hand, is unpredictable and has a hot temper. She has been fired from four jobs and has never stayed in a job for more than a year without getting bored and quitting. She has been divorced once, after being married for only 18 months to a violent and volatile man. These two women live extremely different lives, and their personalities lead them to experience different types of environments and situations. Which term best describes the phenomenon in which these two women consistently experience different environments and situations?
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Tropisms
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Why might victims of serious burns or other disfiguring ailments tend to be shy?
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Other people might avoid them, thus they have fewer opportunities to interact and practice their social skills.
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Biological factors which probably are related to personality are
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all of these
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Locke suggested that at birth, we are
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\"blank slates.\"
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Daly and Wilson suggest that family violence and abuse against children in modern America is often due to
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evolutionary pressures driving individuals to care more for their own offspring than for others.
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Kretschmer, the first to systematically study the relationship between physical appearance and personality, believed that schizophrenics were more likely to
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be thin
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Where did the phrase \"mad as a hatter\" come from?
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Hat makers were poisoned by mercury in hat factories and madness was a symptom.
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According to Eysenck's theory, an extrovert, if exposed to annoying external stimuli, would
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be less bothered by it than would an introvert.
