PJ college psych ch 7 pages 200-204
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developmentalists who have elaborated on Piaget's theory, giving more emphasis on how children use attention, memory and strategies to process information
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neo-piagetians
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a relatively permanent type of memory that holds huge amounts of information for a long period of time
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long-term memory
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attention, memory, thinking and metacognition
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Information processing involves
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short-term memory increases considerably during early childhood years but after the age of ____ does not show as much increase
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seven
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long-term memory increases with ___________
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age
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lead to improvements in memory
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increased KNOWLEDGE and increased use of STRATEGIES (e.g., rehearsal)
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Older children usually have more _______________ about a subject than younger children do, which can contribute to their better memory for the subject.
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expertise
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those who have acquired extensive knowledge about a particular content area
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experts
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deliberate mental activities designed to improve the processing of information
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strategies
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an important strategy that involves engaging in more extensive processing of information
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elaboration
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strategies do not occur automatically but require ___________________
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effort
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the strategy of elaboration makes information more _____________________
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meaningful
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helps even young children to remember visuals
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mental imagery
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works well for encoding information into short-term memory, but is much less efficient for long-term memory
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rehearsal
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thinking about thinking, cognition about cognition, knowing about knowing
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metacognition
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states that memory is best understood by considering two types of memory representations: verbatim memory trace and gist
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fuzzy trace theory
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consists of the precise details of the information
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verbatim memory trace
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refers to the central idea of the information
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gist
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older children use gist ________________, which results in improved memory
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more
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involves manipulating and transforming information in memory
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thinking
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thinking reflectively and productively, as well as evaluating the evidence
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critical thinking
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occurs when students are stimulated to rethink previously held ideas
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deep understanding
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recite, define, describe, state, list
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memorization
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analyze, infer, connect, synthesize, criticize, create, evaluate, think and rethink
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thinking critically
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involves paying careful attention to your thoughts, feelings and environment
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mindfulness
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a cross-disciplinary term that involves the study of how various types of mental and physical training enhance development (e.g., yoga, meditation)
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reflective science
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the ability to think in novel and unusual ways and to come up with unique solutions to problems
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creative thinking
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the type of thinking that produces one correct answer and is typically assessed by standardized intelligence tests
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convergent thinking
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thinking that produces many answers to the same question and is characteristic of creativity
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divergent thinking
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competent children think critically and _________________
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creatively
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a concern today is that the creative thinking of children in the US appears to be ____________________
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declining
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knowledge about memory
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metamemory
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gist recall is easier than ____________________ recall
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verbatim
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problem-solving skills and the ability to learn from, and adapt to, the experiences of everyday life
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intelligence
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working memory, critical thinking, creative thinking, metacognition
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4 terms under the umbrella of executive function
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executive function leads to the development of the brain's ______________________
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pre-frontal cortex
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most important dimensions of executive function
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self-control/inhibition, working memory, flexibility
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the ability to concentrate and persist and to inhibit tendencies to repeat wrong answers
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self-control/inhibition
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ability to mentally work with masses of information
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working memory
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ability to consider different strategies and perspectives
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flexibility
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research indicates that executive function is a better predictor of school readiness than ________________
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general IQ
