question

1) During an EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential)

answer

A. SODIUM ENTERS THE CELL B. potassium enters the cell C. potassium leaves the cell D. chloride enters the cell

question

2) During an IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential)

answer

A. sodium enters the cell B. potassium enters the cell C. POTASSIUM LEAVES THE CELL D. chloride enters the cell

question

3) What ion plays the most essential role in releasing a transmitter into the synapse?

answer

A. chloride B. sodium C. glutamate D. CALCIUM

question

4) Stimulating a receptor in the membrane that opens potassium channels

answer

A. CAUSES HYPERPOLARIZATION B. releases transmitter C. causes an action potential D. open calcium channels

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5) Large synaptic vesicles are produced in the ____ and are transported to the _____

answer

A. cytoplasm; dendrites B. SOMA; TERMINAL BUTTONS C. dendrites; synapse D. Nucleus; vesicles

question

6) The first demonstration of neurotransmitter

answer

A) was shown by Sir Charles Sherrington in 1915 B) WAS SHOWN BY OTTO LOEWI USING FROG HEARTS C) was shown by electron microscopy D) was done using molecular biology techniques

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7) The contents of a synaptic vesicle include:

answer

A. NEUROTRANSMITTERS. B. structural proteins. C. DNA. D. all of the above.

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8) How is a neurotransmitter removed from the synaptic cleft?

answer

A. diffusion B. enzymatic degradation C. uptake by surrounding glial cells D. all of the above ? E. A AND B

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9) The catecholamines (NE,DA, and E) are synthesized from which amino acid?

answer

A. Leucine B. Valine C. Trypothan D. TYROSINE

question

10) The cell bodies of neurons that release serotonin are located in the

answer

A. RAPHE B. Locus Coeruleus C. Nucleus of Meynert D. Ventral tegmental area

question

11) Drugs of reward generally act to release ____ in the ____

answer

A. serotonin; cortex B. DOPAMINE;NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS C. norepinephrine in the prefrontal cortex D. none of the above

question

12) Cell bodies of neurons that release acetylcholine in the cortex are located in the

answer

A. Raphe B. Locus Coeruleus C. NUCLEUS BASALIS D. Ventral tegental area

question

13) A neuron's own transmitters, detected by its presynaptic autoreceptors,

answer

A. initiates changes in the local membrane potential B. open the gates of neurotransmitter dependent ion channels C. facilitates the synthesis of other transmitters D. INHIBITS THE RELEASE OR SYNTHESIS OF THAT TRANSMITTER

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14) Serotonin has been related to:

answer

A. DEPRESSION B. schizophrenia. C. Alzheimer's disease. D. mania.

question

15) A second messenger system can:

answer

A) alter ion flow through the membrane channels. B) cause a series of reactions that result in the formation of new membrane ion channels. C) initiate the production of new proteins. D) all of the above. E) A AND C.

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16) What is the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord?

answer

GABA is the brain, Glycine is the spinal cord A) GABA B) glutamate C) GLYCINE D) histamine

question

17) Repeated stimulation of neuron may cause:

answer

A. SENSITIZATION B. habituation. C. associative behaviors. D. both b and c. E. all of the above.

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18) The first demonstration that neurons communicated via chemical means was by

answer

A. Ramon Y Cajal B. Sir Charles Sherrington C. Francis Crick D. OTTO LOEWI E. None of the above

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19) Morphine inhibits pain awareness by

answer

A. inhibiting chloride release B. inhibiting calcium influx C. BLOCKING MAO ACTIONS d. causing depolarization

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20) Nitric oxide is involved in which drug action?

answer

C. VIAGRA

question

21) Which of the following neurotransmitters are synthesized from the amino acid, tyrosine?

answer

A. Norepinephrine B. Dopamine C. Epinephrine D. ALL OF THE ABOVE

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22) _____ is the transmitter that slows heart rate and activates skeletal muscles.

answer

D. ACETYLCHOLINE

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23) ____ is a neurotransmitter is involved in memory.

answer

A. Norepinephrine B. GABA C. Dopamine D. ACETYLCHOLINE, PTT E. Serotonin

question

** 24) Opioid peptides include which of the following?

answer

A. Enkephalins (not all of the above)

question

25) Which mechanism related to the stimulation of an action potential doesn't belong?

answer

A. Chloride channels open

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26) Which of the following drugs would likely cause the most damage with chronic, high use over many years?

answer

C. Alcohol (lecture)

question

27) Cholinergic refers to which transmitter?

answer

A. Acetylcholine

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28) ________ refers to a reduced behavioral effect of a drug with repeated administration.

answer

C) Tolerance

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29) Which of the following is true of drug sensitization?

answer

C) Drug sensitization is less common than is drug tolerance D) Repeated drug administration may produce tolerance in one system and sensitization in another system. E) C AND D ARE CORRECT

question

30) Serotonin is synthesized from ________ which is derived from ________.

answer

A.tyrosine; cheese or milk B.glutamate; oat brain C.tyramine; Guinness beer D.TRYPTOPHAN;INGESTED NUTRIENTS E.MAO; blood platelets

question

31) Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is produced from

answer

A.butyric acid. B.glycine. C.GLUTAMIC ACID. D.polyamines. E.Lysergic acid.

question

32) Administering a molecule that is a precursor for the synthesis of a synaptic neurotransmitter would be expected to

answer

A) alter the number of postsynaptic receptors. B) reduce the availability of that neurotransmitter. C) act as an antagonist at autoreceptors. D) INCREASE THE RATE OF SYNTHESIS AND RELEASE OF THAT NEUROTRANSMITTER. E) A and C are correct.

question

33) Which of the following is true of opioid neurons?

answer

A) Naloxone is an example of an opioid receptor antagonist. B) Heroin is an example of an opioid receptor agonist. C) Opioids act to reduce pain. D) Opioids can induce euphoria and reward. E) ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE CORRECT.

question

34) Nitric oxide

answer

A) is produced from the amino acid arginine. B) dilates blood vessels in metabolically active brain regions. C) acts as a messenger between neurons. D) stimulates changes in blood vessels that produce penile erections. E) ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE CORRECT. (pg 126)

question

35) Anandamide...

answer

A. is a transmitter produced in the brain B. is the ligand for CB1 receptors C. was discovered in the early 1990s D. ALL OF THE ABOVE.

question

36) Which of the following would be expected of CB1 receptors?

answer

A.These receptors are found in high levels within the brain stem. B.CB1 receptors control a chloride channel. C.CB1 receptors are postsynaptic. D.MEMORY IMPAIRMENT RESULTS FROM THE EFFECTS OF THC ON HIPPOCAMPAL CB1 RECEPTORS. E.The reinforcing action of opiates is blocked by a targeted mutation of CB1 receptors.

question

37) Activation of cannabinoid receptors

answer

A) by THC reduces nausea and vomiting. B) results in analgesia. C) can be induced by ingestion of THC. D) stimulates appetite. E) ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE CORRECT.

question

38) Drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin or that cause the release of serotonin are used therapeutically to treat

answer

A) anxiety. B) obsessive-compulsive disorder. C) depression. D) obesity E) ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE CORRECT.

question

39) Which of the following is true of GABA in the brain?

answer

A) Drugs that antagonize GABA function reduce anxiety B) GABA has a general excitatory effect C) GABA is involved in Parkinson's disease. D) The inhibitory effects of GABA act to stabilize the brain. E) AN EXCESS OF GABA MAY RESULT IN EPILEPSY.

question

40) Dopamine release in the ____ occurs when a stimulus is rewarding.

answer

c) nucleus accumbens

question

41) Cell bodies that synthesize serotonin are located in the ___, whereas those that synthesize norepinephrine are located in the ___.

answer

d) raphe, locus coeruleus

question

42) Morphine actions at the opioid receptor cause which of the following

answer

b) inhibition of calcium influx

question

43) Match the following

answer

a) alcohol - disrupts the organization the cell membrane b) amphetamine - releases D A into the synapse c) LSD - a serotonin agonist d) valium - increases influx of chloride e) ritalin - Inhibits D A reuptake (dopamine)

question

44) Based on the discussion in class, which of the following drugs poses the largest health threat following chronic use for many years.

answer

b) alcohol

question

45) Peak blood levels of cocaine were found to 100 nanograms/milliliter (ng/ml). Thirty minutes later, they were 75 ng/ml, 60 minutes later they were 62.5 ng/ml. and 120 minutes later they were 50 ng/ml. The half-life ___

answer

e) is 120 minutes

question

46) The GABA-A receptor has separate and distinct sites on the receptor molecule that can bind which of the following

answer

c) valium and alcohol

question

47) Excitotoxicity is mediated by overstimulation exerted by which neurotransmitter

answer

e) glutamate

question

48) Chronic marijuana use in adolescents

answer

c) can cause long-term with attention and memory after drug use stops

question

49) Which of the following is/are monoamines?

answer

A. Serotonin B. Dopamine C. Norepinephrine D. ALL OF THE ABOVE.

question

50) which of the following never changes with regard to action potential.

answer

a) hyperpolarization b) THRESHOLD p.44 c) resting potential d) depolarization e) none of the above p.49

question

51) ___ refers to the study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and behavior

answer

e) Psychopharmacology I believe that this is is NEUROPHARMACOLOGY...(neuro mean nerves, that will affect nervous system) yes Neuropharmacology is the correct answer

question

52) A key characteristic of a drug as defined in the text, is that it

answer

e) is an exogenous chemical

question

53) ___ refers to the process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and the excreted from the body

answer

b) pharmacokinetics

question

54) the _____ route is the fastest way for a drug to reach the brain

answer

c) intravenous

question

55) the ___ route of drug administration is commonly used for small laboratory animals such as the rat.

answer

a) intraperitoneal

question

56) The ____ route of drug administration has the advantage of bypassing the blood-brain barrier

answer

e) intracerebroventricular

question

57) an altercation of the physical properties of a drug that ___ would be expected to slow the onset of action of that drug.

answer

a) increased lipid solubility b) decreased water solubility c) decreased metabolism of the drug via the liver d) increased depot binding of the drug in blood, bone, and fat e) ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE CORRECT.

question

58) the ___ is a measure of the safety of a drug.

answer

c) therapeutic index

question

59) ___ refers to the capacity of a drug molecule to bind to a key site of action

answer

d) affinity

question

60) which of the following is true of the therapeutic index?

answer

b) more caution is required for a drug with a low therapeutic index

question

61) one mechanism for the tolerance produced by repeated drug administration is

answer

d) a reduced number of receptors for the drug

question

62) A(n) ____ is a drug that blocks or inhibits postsynaptic receptor effects

answer

d) antagonist

question

63) activation of a presynaptic autoreceptor on dendrites can produce a hyperpolarization that

answer

a) releases more transmitter

question

64) a drug that blocks a presynaptic autoreceptor will most likely

answer

d) increases the release of the neurotransmitter from the axon terminal

question

65) the two most commonly used synaptic neurotransmitters in the brain are

answer

c) glutamate; GABA

question

66) Which of the following is true of acetylcholine (ACh)?

answer

a) ACh was the first transmitter to be identified within the body b) ACh controls muscle movements c) ACh is released at the neuromuscular junction d) ACh is involved in the autonomic nervous system e) ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE CORRECT.

question

67) a drug that blocks acetylcholinesterase in brain would be expected to

answer

c) increase the synaptic levels of acetylcholine

question

68) an ionotropic receptor produces a postsynaptic potential that is

answer

d) rapid and short in duration

question

69) the amino acid ___ is the synthesis precursor for dopamine and norepinephrine

answer

a) tyrosine

question

70) degeneration of neurons within the ___ dopamine system leads to Parkinson's disease

answer

a) nigrostriatal

question

71) abnormal brain levels of dopamine are associated with

answer

b) schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease

question

72) Which of the pairs belong together?

answer

a) epinephrine and adrenaline c) noradrenaline and norepinephrine e) A and C are correct

question

73) one of the oldest methods used in neuroscience to study brain function is

answer

d) experimental ablation

question

74) Which of the following represents a problem for interpreting the effects of a brain lesion on behavior?

answer

b) the lesion may impair the function of a distant neural structure, which in turn alters behavior

question

75) infusion of ___ into brain will destroy cell bodies through the process of overstimulation.

answer

e) kainic acid

question

76) imagine that feeding behavior was eliminated when a radio-frequency lesion was used to damage the lateral hypothalamus of a rat, which suggested that cells within this region initiate feeding. If a subsequent study failed to observe a change in feeding after injection of kainic acid into the lateral hypothalamus, what conclusions would be appropriate?

answer

b) the changes in eating noted in the first study are due to fibers that are passing through the lateral hypothalamus

question

77) molecular biologists have tagged toxins to specific ____ that is turn will kill specific types of neurons.

answer

d) antibodies

question

78) A(n) ____ allows an experimenter to determine whether a lesion in a rat brain produced a specific behavioral effect

answer

a) sham-lesion control group

question

79) ____ is a common landmark or reference point used for stereotaxic surgery

answer

c) Bregma

question

80) which of the following is an advantage of the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique?

answer

e) the fMRI scan has a higher resolution to the PET scan

question

81) the surgical instrument used to implant an electrode or cannula into the brain is termed a

answer

a) stereotaxic apparatus

question

82) the three numbers listen on a page of a stereotaxic atlas describe

answer

a) anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral, and medal-lateral coordinates

question

83) ____ is considered to be a histological method

answer

a) fixing the brain b) visual examination of a stained section c) cutting the brain d) staining the brain e) ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE CORRECT

question

84) the _____ instrument is used to slice the brain into thin pieces for later examination

answer

a) microtome

question

85) of the structures in the following list, cresyl violet stains ____ most intensely

answer

d) cell bodies

question

86) the RNA, DNA, and associated proteins in cell bodies are collectively referred to as

answer

c) nissl substance wrong-thats the dye that detects them

question

87) which of the following structures can be visualized with the light microscope

answer

a) nucleus

question

88) the functional magnetic resonance imagine (fMRI) technique measures change in ___ to image brain metabolic activity

answer

c) blood oxygen level

question

89) which term below means "moving forward"?

answer

d) anterograde

question

90) the ____ technique would be used to trace efferent axons from a brain region

answer

d) anterograde labeling method

question

91) the key use of PHA-L, a lectin made by kidney beans in neuroscience is to

answer

d) label neuronal pathways by anterograde transport

question

92) which of these does not rely on destruction of brain tissue to be effective?

answer

c) aspiration d) COOLING

question

93) the ____ labeling method uses chemical that are taken up by dendrites and then transported through axons toward terminal buttons

answer

c) anterograde

question

94) imagine that prior research has suggested that neurons form the pareventricular nucleus (PVN) project to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to control eating behavior. To confirm this suggestion, your next step might be inject PHA-L into the ____ and confirm its transport to the _____.

answer

a) PVN, vagal neurons that control chewing e) PVN; PFC* THIS ONE

question

95) the chemical ___ can be used to trace the paths of afferent axons

answer

d) fluorogold

question

96) the usefulness of pseudorabies virus for histological analyses is

answer

a) for the tracing of serial synaptic connections

question

97) of these techniques for visualizing living human brain, the first developed was

answer

a) computerized tomography

question

98) the technique of ___ takes advantage of the fact that ___ can alter voltage gated channels in neurons

answer

c) photostimulation; light

question

99) the _____ technique is used to visualize axon bundles in living human brain

answer

b) diffusor tension imaging

question

100) the ___ procedure used magnetic waves to alter brain neural activity

answer

e) transcranial magnetic stimulation

question

101) peptides or proteins can be localized in the brain using

answer

a) immunocytochemistry

question

102) microdialysis is not done in humans for research purposed owing to

answer

d) ethical problems because the procedure is invasive

question

103) the ____ method uses a radioactive DNA probe bound to complementary RNA to localize neurochemicals in brain

answer

b) autoradiography

question

104) Which of the following techniques are not used to detect receptors in brain?

answer

a) insituhybridization

question

105) twins that share a particular trait are ______ for the trait

answer

a) concordant

question

106) which of the following is strong evidence for an environmental contribution to a behavior?

answer

d) adopted children resemble their adopted families with regard to a trait

question

107) in the ____ technique, a modified strand of RNA and DNA binds with the specific molecules of mRNA, therby preventing the protein encoded by the mRNA form being produced

answer

d) antisense oligonucleotide

Physio Midterm 1

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