question

Epidemic

answer

the occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health-related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy

question

Pandemic

answer

an epidemic occurring worldwide

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Epidemiology

answer

the distribution and determinants of health and diseases, morbidity, injuries, disability, and mortality in populations

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Population

answer

all the inhabitants of a given country or area considered together

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Distribution

answer

the occurrence of diseases and other health outcomes varies in a population with some subgroups of the populations more frequently affected than others

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Determinant

answer

any factor that brings about change in a health condition or other defined characteristic

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Exposure

answer

contact with a disease-causing agents or to the amount of factor that impinges upon a group or individuals

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Outcome

answer

all of the possible results that may stem from exposure to a causal factor

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Morbidity

answer

illnesses due to a specific disease or health condition

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Mortality

answer

causes of death

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Quantification

answer

counting of cases of illness or other health outcomes

question

Epidemiology is a _______ science

answer

interdisciplinary

question

Analytical epidemiology

answer

examines causal hypotheses regarding the association between exposures and health conditions

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Descriptive epidemiology

answer

characterizes the amount and distribution of health and disease within a population

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Natural experiments

answer

naturally occurring circumstances in which subsets of the population have different levels of exposure to a hypothesized causal factor in a situation resembling an actual experiments

question

Hippocrates

answer

Classical Antiquity Wrote on Airs, Waters, and Places which suggested disease might be associated with environmental factors

question

Black Death

answer

Middle Ages killed 1/3 of Europe transmitted by Yersinia pestis

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Paracelsus

answer

Renaissance founder of toxicology discovered dose-response relationship

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John Graunt

answer

Renaissance Columbus of statistics

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Ramazzini

answer

Eighteenth Century founder of occupational medicine

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Sir Percival Pott

answer

Eighteenth Century first person to decribe an environmoental cause of cancer

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Edward Jenner

answer

Eighteenth Century developed a vaccine for smallpox

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William Farr

answer

Nineteenth Century Developed coding for medical conditions Linked mortality and population density

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Robert Koch

answer

Nineteenth Century Koch's postulates demonstrated the association between a microorganism and a disease

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Koch's Postulates

answer

1. the organism must be observes in every case of the disease 2. It must be isolates and grown in a pure culture 3. The pure culture must, when inoculated into a susceptible animal, reproduce the disease 4. The organism must be observed in, and recovered from, the experimental animal

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1918 Spanish Flu

answer

Killed 50 to 100 million 1/3 of the population was infected

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Alexander Fleming

answer

Discovered the antimicrobial properties mold Penicillium notatum to make Penicillin

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Operations Research

answer

Defined as a type of study of the placement of health services in a community and the optimum utilization of services

question

Disease Management

answer

Refers to a method of reducing healthcare costs by providing integrated care for chronic conditions

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Reference population

answer

cases of a disease have been lost ex: crude death rate in the US

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Case Fertility Rate

answer

# deaths due to a disease that occur among people who are affected by it #deaths/ #cases

question

Ethics

answer

promotes aims of research collaborative efforts accountability public support moral and social values

question

IRB

answer

internal review board oversees and approves studies for ethical research

question

Descriptive Epidemiology

answer

Who was affected, where it occured, and when did it occur Types (case reports, case series, and cross sectional studies)

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Case study

answer

simgle occurence of a noteworthy health related incident ex: adverse reactions due to cosmetic surgery in the US

question

Case series

answer

Multiple cases linked by disease ex: reported cases of primary meningoephalitis (121 reported between 1937 and 2007)

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Cross-sectional

answer

relationship between diseases in a population AT ONE TIME ex: behavioral risk factor surveillance system (BRFSS)

question

Nativity

answer

place of origin

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Socioeconomic Status

answer

Person's position in society (income level, education level, job)

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Secular trends

answer

gradual changes in frequency of disease over long time periods Ex: heart disease has increased

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Cyclic Trend

answer

increases and decreases in frequency of a disease over a period of several years ex: weather events in atlantic basin mortality for flu peaks in feb

question

Cluster

answer

closely grouped series of events or cases of a disease in relation to time or place

question

Spatial clustering

answer

aggregation of events in a geographic region

question

Temporal clustering

answer

occurence of events related to time

question

Surveillance

answer

continous systematic data collection of health-related data leads to informed action

question

how do you know if surveillance is working

answer

external validity, data quality, sensitivity, flexibility, timeliness

question

Hippocrates

answer

broke disease superstition

question

bubonic plague

answer

caused by tersina pestis (fleas)

question

Paracelsus

answer

alchemist

question

John Graunt

answer

quantitative methods

question

Bernardini Ramazzini

answer

occupational medicine

question

Sir Percival Pott

answer

Environmental cancer

question

Edward jenner

answer

father of vaccination

question

john snow

answer

first to say diseases can spread through water

question

Robert Koch

answer

microorganisms and disease

question

Kochs postulates

answer

must be present in every case must be isolated be able to transmit disease recover from animal to which disease was transmitted

question

observational science

answer

naturally occurring situations

question

Contact with a disease-causing factor or the amount of the factor that affects a group of individuals is referred to as exposure.

answer

True

question

The occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness, specific health behavior, or other health related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy is known as a(n

answer

Epidemic

question

Illness due to a specific disease or health condition is known as

answer

Morbidity

question

Bubonic plague is a bacterial disease caused by Vibrio Cholorae

answer

false

question

The most important public measure to protect health is vaccination

answer

False

question

Pandemic

answer

outbreak occurring worldwide or crossing international boundaries

question

The physician who determined that a human disease was caused by a specific living organism and proceeded to develop four postulates to demonstrate the association between a microorganism and a disease was

answer

Robert Koch

question

John Snow

answer

The English anesthesiologist who linked cholera outbreaks to contaminated water and innovated several of the key epi measures was

question

Hippocrates

answer

Ancient Greek who contributed to epidemiology by departing from superstitious reasons for disease outbreak was

question

Data cleaning

answer

review for accuracy and completeness

question

incidence

answer

occurence of new disease within a defined period of time #new cases/# individuals in population at risk

question

point prevalence

answer

# existing cases / total number in group

question

count

answer

number of cases of a disease

question

Causes prevalence to decrease

answer

Decirease in incidence Shorter duration of a disease In-migration of healthy people Improved cure rate

question

causes prevalence to increase

answer

Increase in incidence Longer duration of case In-migration of cases Prolongation of life without a cure

question

Members of the population who are capable of developing a disease or condition

answer

population risk

question

counting and tabulating cases

answer

One of the first steps in presenting data after they have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness

question

Lifetime prevalence

answer

all cases of a disease diagnosed at any time during a persons lifetime

question

when incidence rate of a disease increases

answer

prevalence increases

question

rates

answer

any unit size of population that is convenient

question

External Validity

answer

Refers to the generalizability of the findings to the population from which the data have been taken

question

Reportable and notifiable

answer

By law, physicians and other health care providers must report cases of certain diseases, known as

question

BFFSS

answer

State based system that collects data monthly focusing on personal health behaviors

question

Vital Statistics

answer

Used for determining life expectancy

question

Vital Events

answer

Deaths, births, marriages, and divorces

question

Monitoring cancer trends is an application of

answer

Registries

question

Surveillance

answer

Systematic gathering of info about occurrence of a disease and other health phenomena

question

Notifiable disease

answer

diseases that have to be reported to the US Public Health Service HIV

question

Descriptive Epi is about

answer

Person, Place, and Time

question

Person variables

answer

Race, Ethnicity, and gender

question

place variables

answer

climate, zipcode

question

Time variables

answer

duration, how often

question

Descriptive epi

answer

Classifies Uses observational Studies Looks at trends Plans, and evaluation of health Develops hypothesis

question

Illness due to a specific disease or health condition is known as

answer

Morbidity

question

The individual whose name is associated with a natural experiment during an outbreak of cholera in London was:

answer

John Snow

question

A method for providing quantitative measurements of risks to health is known as:

answer

Risk Assessment

question

Increases and decreases in the frequency of a disease within a year or over a period of several years are known as:

answer

Cyclic trends

question

Health events that are related in time reflect

answer

Temporal clustering

question

A graphic plotting of the distribution of cases by time of onset is a[n]

answer

Epidemic curve

question

A range of values that with a certain degree of probability contain the population parameter is known as a:

answer

Confidence interval estimate

question

The number of live births during a specified period such as a year per the resident population during the midpoint of the year is the:

answer

Crude birth rate

question

A centralized database for collection of information about diseases such as cancer is known as:

answer

Registry

question

The occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness, specific health behavior, or other health related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy is known as a(n):

answer

Epidemic

question

The immune fraction Use the following example to answer Question. According to a national survey of asthma: On May 1, 2010, the number of residents in Oklahoma who had been diagnosed with asthma at any time during their life was A. The population on June 30, 2010, was B. During the same year, the number of new cases of asthma was C. The incidence rate of asthma (per 100,000) would be expressed as: If A equals the number of deaths in 2009 and B equals the population at the midpoint of 2009 and C equals the number of persons aged 15-24, then the crude death rate per 100,000 population would be:

answer

(A/B) x 100,000

question

With respect to derivation of hypotheses, a type of association in which the frequency of an outcome increases with the frequency of exposure to a factor is known as:

answer

Method of concomitant variation

question

The physician who determined that a human disease was caused by a specific living organism and proceeded to develop four postulates to demonstrate the association between a microorganism and a disease was:

answer

Robert Koch

question

Operations research illustrates which of the following uses of epidemiology:

answer

Health Service Use

question

All of the following are considered ratios except:

answer

Time

question

The lowest dose at which a particular response occurs is known as the:

answer

Threshold

question

Which factors can decrease and observed prevalence?

answer

A ; C only

question

The term that indicates cases of diseases that occur in a specific geographic region is:

answer

Spatial clustering

question

The systematic and continuous gathering of information about the occurrence of diseases and other health phenomena is known as:

answer

Public health surveillance

question

Studies of the effects of exposure to teratogens have used data from

answer

Birth Certificates

question

The immune fraction Use the following example to answer Question. According to a national survey of asthma: On May 1, 2010, the number of residents in Oklahoma who had been diagnosed with asthma at any time during their life was A. The population on June 30, 2010, was B. During the same year, the number of new cases of asthma was C. The incidence rate of asthma (per 100,000) would be expressed as:

answer

(C/B) x 100,000

question

All of the following are considered vital events EXCEPT

answer

Graduation

question

Prevalence measures do not aid in:

answer

Determining the risk of disease

question

Which of the following sources could be used for determining life expectancy?

answer

Vital Statistics Cooperative Program

question

The process of passing from observations and axioms to generalizations is known as

answer

Inference

question

With respect to derivation of hypothesis, a situation in which all of the factors in two or more domains are the same except for a single factor is known as:

answer

Method of difference

question

A type of correlative association between an exposure and effect is a:

answer

Dose-relationship

question

A type of variable that can have an infinite number of values within a specified range is:

answer

Continuous

question

Those members of the population who are capable of developing a disease or condition are known as:

answer

The population at risk

question

Using health-related data that precede diagnosis and signal a sufficient probability of a case or an outbreak to warrant further public health response is known as:

answer

Syndromic surveillance

question

When the value of one variable increases and the value of a second variable increases, the association is:

answer

Positive

question

Epidemiology searches for associations between exposures and:

answer

Health Outcomes

question

Variation in the occurrence of diseases and other health outcomes in populations relates mots closely to:

answer

Distribution

question

A vaccine that provided immunity to smallpox was created by:

answer

Edward Jenner

question

The probability that an event will occur-an individual will become ill or die within a stated period of time or by a certain age-is known as:

answer

Risk

question

The English anesthesiologist who linked cholera outbreaks to contaminated water and innovated several of the key epidemiologic methods that remain valid and in use today

answer

John Snow

question

The process of defining measurement procedures for the variables used in a study is:

answer

Operationalization

question

The ability of a study to demonstrate an association if one exists is known as:

answer

Power

question

In epidemiology, place variables include:

answer

Localized occurrence of disease

question

Urban diseases and causes of mortality are more likely to be those spread by

answer

A ; B

question

Any factor that brings about change in a health condition or other defined characteristic is known as:

answer

Determinant

question

The immune fraction Use the following example to answer Question. According to a national survey of asthma: On May 1, 2010, the number of residents in Oklahoma who had been diagnosed with asthma at any time during their life was A. The population on June 30, 2010, was B. During the same year, the number of new cases of asthma was C. The incidence rate of asthma (per 100,000) would be expressed as: The point prevalence of asthma (percent) would be expressed as:

answer

(A/B) x 100

question

The time period between initial exposure and a measurable response is known as:

answer

Latency

question

For both males and females, what type of cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality?

answer

Lung and bronchus cancer

question

Whether a contaminated food such as tomatoes caused an outbreak of gastrointestinal disease is a simple example of: Answer

answer

Casusal Association

question

The number of late fatal deaths after 28 weeks or more of gestation plus infant deaths within 7 days of birth divided by the number of live births plus late fetal deaths during a year is the:

answer

Perinantal Mortality Rate

question

At the top of the asthma surveillance pyramid is

answer

Mortality

question

The ancient Greek who contributed to epidemiology by departing from superstitious reasons for disease outbreaks was:

answer

Hippocrates

question

The number of deaths due to a disease that occurs among persons who are afflicted with the disease is known as:

answer

Case fatality rate

question

Monitoring cancer trends in the U.S. population over time is a major application of:

answer

Registries

question

The category in a frequency distribution that has the highest frequency of cases is known as:

answer

Mode

question

Differences in the occurrence of diseases and adverse health conditions in the population are known as:

answer

Health disparities

question

The number of live births reported in an area during a given time interval divided by the number of women aged 15 to 44 is known as:

answer

General fertility rate

question

A stage that takes place during the early phases of pathogenesis and includes activities that limit the progression of disease:

answer

Secondary prevention

question

For which of the following criteria do epidemiologists need to observe the cause before the effect?

answer

Temporality

question

Which of the following disease outbreaks happened between 1346 and 1352 and claimed up to one-third of the population of Europe:

answer

Black death

question

What is one of the first steps in presenting data after they have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness?

answer

Count and tabulate cases

question

The death of a fetus when it is in the uterus and before it has been delivered is known as:

answer

Fetal mortality

question

When the incidence rate of disease increases, the prevalence will:

answer

Increase

question

Which of the following is NOT considered a use of epidemiology?

answer

To provide healthcare services to specific individuals

question

The web of causation model specifies a type of causal relationship that is:

answer

Multi-factorial

question

When the value of one variable increases and the value of another variable decreases, the association is:

answer

Negative

PHLT 305 Exam 1, Epidemology Midterm – Flashcards

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