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Pharmacology

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The study of drugs and their interaction with living organisms. It comes from the greek word "Pharmakon", which means medicine or drug and the suffix -logy, which means the study of.

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Pharmakon

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Greek word which means "medicine" or "drug".

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-logy

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Suffix which means the study of.

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Molecular Pharmacology

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The study of the chemical structures of drugs and the effects of drugs at the molecular level within cells.

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Pharmacodynamics

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STUDY OF HOW THE BODY RESPONDS TO DRUGS. The mechanics of action by which drugs produce their effects (desired or undesired) based on time and dose.

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Pharmacogenetics

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How the genetic makeup of different people affects their responses to certain drugs.

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Pharmacogenomics

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Using genome technology to discover new drugs.

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Pharmacokinetics

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Excretion via the kidneys. Kidney diseases can prolong the duration of drug interaction. Other routes are lungs, breastmilk, bile, saliva, sweat, tears, urine, and feces. How drugs move through the body in the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. How the body reacts to medicines. THE STUDY OF FOUR BASIC PROCESSES OF ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, METABOLISM, AND EXCRETION IN RESPONSE TO DRUGS. How drugs move through the body in the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

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Pharmacotherapy

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Using drugs to affect the body therapeutically.

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Drug

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Word derived from the Dutch word droog, which means dry and refers to the use of dried herbs and plants as the first medicines. A drug or a medicine can be thought of as any nonfood chemical substance that affects the mind or the body.

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Droog

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Dutch word which means dry and refers to the use of dried herbs and plants as the first medicines.

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Medicina

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Latin word from which we derive the words medicine and medication.

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Medicine

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Refers to a drug that is deliberately administered for its medicinal value as a preventative, diagnostic, or therapeutic agent.

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Drug vs. Medicine

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The word drug can be used interchangeably with the word medicine. But drug can also refer specifically to chemical substances that do not have a preventive, diagnostic, or therapeutic use. Example: Cocaine.

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3 Medical uses for drugs

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1. Preventive Use 2. Diagnostic Use 3. Therapeutic Use

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Preventive Use

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A preventive drug is known as prophylaxis. Drugs used the occurrence of diseases or conditions.

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Prophylaxis

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From a greek work meaning to keep guard before.

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Examples of Prophylaxis drugs

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1. Drugs for Motion Sickness 2. Contraceptive drugs 3. Vaccinations

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Diagnostic Use

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Drugs used by themselves or in conduction with radiologic procedures and other types of medical tests to provide evidence of a disease process.

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Examples of Diagnostic Use

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1. Contrast Dyes 2. Drugs that mimic the cardiac effect of exercise in Pts.

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Therapeutic Use

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Drugs used to control, improve, or cure symptoms, signs, conditions, or diseases of a physiologic or psychological nature.

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Examples of Therapeutic Use

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1. Antibiotic drugs 2. Analgesic drugs 3. Insulin

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Shen Nong

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Completed the first Chinese book on herbal medicine in 3494 BC. It included 365 different herbal remedies.

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Rx

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The symbol Rx, which comes from the latin word recipe, meaning take, indicates a prescription, the combining of ingredients to form a drug.

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Recipe

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Latin word meaning take. Root of the symbol Rx.

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Plant Sources of Some Modern Drugs

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1. Black Cohosh = Remifemin (treats menopause hot flashes) 2. Cinchona Bark = quinine (treat malaria) 3. Cocoa Butter = Binder or filler ingredient 4. Foxglove = Digoxin (Lanoxin) 5. Hot Pepper Plant = Capsaicin (topical pain relief) 6. Mold = Penicillin (antibiotic) 7. Mold = Statin Drugs (treat high cholesterol) 8. Periwinkle (vinca) = Vincristine (treat cancer) 9. Poppy = Morphine 10. Rose Hips = Vitamin C 11. Snakeroot = Reserpine (treat hypertension) 12. Willow Bark = Aspirin (treat pain)

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Drugs derived from animals

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1. Desiccated thyroid gland tissues = thyroid supplements 2. Pregnant Mares Urine = Premarin. female hormone replacement 3. Fat of processed sheeps wool = Lanolin. Topical skin drugs. 4. Ground-up animal pancreas = Insulin (treat diabetes)

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Drugs derived from minerals

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Calcium, iron, copper, magnesium, selenium, and zinc.

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Trace Minerals

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copper, magnesium, selenium, and zinc.

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Schedule Drugs

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Controlled Substances. Drugs with the potential for abuse and dependence. First regulated by The Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914. There are 5 categories of controlled substances.

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The Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914

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Established the legal framework for controlling drugs with the potential for abuse and dependence. It introduced the word narcotic. This act was replaced in 1970 by The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act.

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The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970

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Regulates the possession of drugs that have a potential for abuse

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DEA

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Drug Enforcement Administration. Regulates the manufacturing and dispensing of Schedule Drugs.

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The Dietary Supplements and Health and Education Act of 1994

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-classifies vitamins minerals, amino acids, herbal remedies as "foods

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FDA

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Food and Drug Administration. Regulates prescription drugs and over-the-counter drugs. The agency that is responsible for determining if a food or drug is safe and effective enough to be sold to the public.

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The FDA Modernization Act of 1997

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President Clinton signed this act. It gave the FDA the authority to accelerate the approval process for certain types of drugs.

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Investigational Drugs

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drugs used in clinical trials that have not yet been approved by the FDA for use in the general population or drugs used for nonapproved indications

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Emergency Treatment Investigational New Drug

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Compassionate Use IND application. allows use of drug before approved for life-threatening conditions

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IND

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Investigational New Drug

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HIPAA

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Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, Federal law that was expanded in 2000 to protect the confidentiality of electronically stored health info. Established April 14, 2003. federal law protecting the privacy of patient-specific health care information and providing the patient with control over how this information is used and distributed.

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Prescription Drugs

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Legend Drugs. Drugs that are not safe to use except under professional medical supervision.

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OTC

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Over the Counter Drugs. Drugs that can be purchased without a prescription and is generally considered safe for consumers to use if the label's directions and warnings are followed carefully.

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The 5 Categories of Controlled Substances (Schedule Drugs)

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1. Schedule 1 = Extremely high potential for abuse and addiction. Heroin, LSD, Marijuana 2. Schedule 2 = High potential for abuse and addiction. Cocain, codeine, Demerol, Dilaudid 3. Schedule 3 = Less potential for abuse and addiction than schedule 2 drugs. anabolic steroid drugs, phenobarbital, testosterone, tylenol w/codein, vicodin 4. Schedule 4 = Less potential for abuse and addiction than schedule 3 drugs. Ambien, librium, valium, xanax. 5. Schedule 5 = Limited potential for abuse. Cough syrups w/codein, lomotil.

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Orphan Drugs

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A special category of drugs that have been identified to help treat patients with rare diseases. These drugs that have been discovered but would not be profitable for a drug company to develop; usually drugs that would treat only a small number of people; these orphans can be adopted by drug companies to be developed. However, these rare diseases have very few patients, so there is little incentive for drug companies to develop drugs for these diseases.

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Orphan Drug Act

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The 1983 Orphan Drug Act gives pharmaceutical companies financial incentives to develop medications for diseases that affect only a small number of people. 1983 gives pharmeceutical companies financial incentives to develop meds for diseases that effect only a small # of people.

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Additive ingredients of drugs not listed on labels in the 1700's and 1800's

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Opium, Morphine, and Cocaine

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The Food and Drugs Act of 1906

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First Federal Drug law. It was the first federal drug law, passed because of unscrupulous drug sellers and worthless, or mislabeled, dangerous medicines.

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The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938

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Put in to use in '38. Act of Congress that led to the formation of the FDA. This law still impacts food labels to this day. Requires evidence of drug safety before a drug product could be marketed, by establishing the FDA to enforce this requirement, and by giving legal authority to the drug product standards contained in the United States.

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Kefauver-Harris Amendment of 1962

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Passed in 1962, this act required that drugs be both safe and effective. This law was passed in response to the use of Thalidomide in European pregnant women.

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FDA Modernization Act of 1997

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changed labels from "legend" to "Rx only". Federal drug legend ("Federal law prohibits the dispensing of this medication without a prescription") is now represented by the abbreviation "RX" on the container.

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Hydrocortisone

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Treats skin irritation, allergic reactions, and other types of skin problems. Belongs to the corticosteroids family.

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Investigation New Drug

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IND. The US FDA's IND program is the means by which a pharmaceutical company obtains permission to ship an experimental drug across state lines before FDA marketing approval. Phase ! "Clinical Trial".

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Medicine

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A substance that is used in treating a disease.

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The 10 Rights

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1. Right Patient 2. Right Medication 3. Right Dosage 4. Right Route 5. Right Time 6. Right Documentation 7. Right Client Education 8. Right to Refuse 9. Right Assessment 10. Right Evaluation

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Allergy History

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Unusual reactions to any drugs such as fever, rashes, or asthma.

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Tolerance

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Development of resistance to drugs effect such that dose must be continually raised to elicit desired response.

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Recipe

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Latin word meaning Take. It is the etiology of the symbol Rx.

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Cumulative Effect

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When the body cannot completely metabolize and excrete one drug dose before next dose is given.

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Synergism

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When combined action of two or more agents produces a greater effect than expected from agents acting separately.

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Biotransformation

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The conversion of drugs in 4 stages: 1. Oxidation - combining with oxygen 2. Reduction - Gaining electrons 3. Hydrolysis - Cleaving into simpler compounds 4. Conjugation - Combining with glucuronic or sulfuric acid, terminating biologic activity.

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Toxicity

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Drugs ability to poison the body.

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Overdose

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Dose of drug that causes harm.

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Adverse Drug Reaction

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ADR. Any response to drug that is noxious, unintended, occurs at doses normally used profilaxis. Anything that is unintended.

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Side Effects

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Unintended drug effect. Can be beneficial.

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Drug Interactions

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When the effects of one drug are altered by those of another drug.

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Idiosyncratic Reactions

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Hypersensitivity to drug that occurs after previous exposure to similar or same drug.

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Anaphylactic Shock

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Idiosyncratic, sudden, and life-threatening allergic reaction.

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ADR

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Adverse Drug Reaction. Any reaction that is unintended.

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