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Addictive effects

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Drung interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone.

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Adverse Drug Event

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Any undesirable occurance related to administering or failing to administer a prescribed medication.

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Adverse Drug Reaction

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Any unexpected , unintended, undesired, or excessive response to a medication given at therapeutic dosages.

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Adverse Effects

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A general term for any undesirable effects that are a direct response to one or more drugs.

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Agonist

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A drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body.

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Allergic Reaction

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An immunologic hypersensitivity reaction resulting from unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication.

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Antagonist

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A drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors in the body.

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Antagonistic Effects

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drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs is less than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone.

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Bioavailibility

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A measure of the extent of drug absorbtion for a given drug and route.

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Biotransformation

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One or more biochemical reactions involving a parent drug. Occurs mainly in the liver and produces a metabolite that is either inactive or active.

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Blood-brain Barrier

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The barrier system that restricts the passage of various chemicals and microscopic entities between the bloodstream and the central nervous system. Still allows for the passage of essential substances.

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Chemical Name

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The name that describes the chemical composition and molecular structure of a drug.

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Contraindication

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Any condition, especially one related to a disease state or patient characteristic, including current or recent drug therapy, that renders a particular form of treatment proper and undesireable.

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Cytochrome P-450

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The general name for a large class of enzymes that play a significant role in drug metabolism and drug interactions.

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Dependence

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A state in which there is a compulsive or chronic need for a drug.

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Dissolution

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The process by which solid forms of drugs disintegrate in the GI tract and become soluble before being absorbed into the circulation.

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Drug

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Any chemical that affects the physiologic process of a living organism.

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Drug Actions

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The processes involved in the interaction between a drug and body cells.

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Drug Classification

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A method of grouping drugs.

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Drug Effects

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The physiologic reactions of the body to a drug.

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Drug-induced teratogenesis

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The development of congenital anomolies or effects in the developing fetus caused by toxic effects in drugs.

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Drug Interaction

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Alteration in the pharmacologic or phramacokinetic activity of given drug caused by the presence of one or more additional drugs.

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Duration of Action

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The legnth of time the concentration of a drug in the blood or tissues is sufficent to elicit a response.

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Enzymes

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Protien molecules that catalyze one or more of a variety of biochemical reactions, including those related to the body's physiologic processes as well as those related to drug metabolism.

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First-pass Effect

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The initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the GI tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through the bloodstream.

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Generic Name

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The name given to a drug by the United States Adopted Names Council. Also called the nonproprietary name.

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Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency

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A hereditary condition in which red blood cells break down when the body is exposed to certian drugs.

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Half-life

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In pharmokinetics, the time required for half of an administered dose of drug to be eliminated by the body, or 50%

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Idiosyncratic Reaction

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An abnormal and unexpected response to a medication , other than an allergic reaction, that is peculiar to an individual patient.

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Incompatibility

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The characteristic that causes two parenteral drugs or solutions to undergo a reaction when mixed or given together that results in the chemical deterioration of at least one of the drugs.

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Intraarterial

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Within an artery

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Intraarticular

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Within a joint.

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Intrathecal

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Within a sheath.

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Medication Error

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Any preventable, adverse drug event involving innapropriate medication use by a patient, or healthcare professional.

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Medication Use Process

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The prescribing, dispensing, and administering of medications and the monitoring of their effects.

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Metabolite

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A chemical form of the drug that is the product of one or more biochemical reactions involving the parent drug.

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Onset of Action

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The time required for a drug to elicit a therepeutic response after dosing.

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Parent Drug

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The chemical form of a drug that is administered before it is metabolized by the body's biochemical reactions into its active and inactive metabolites.

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Peak Effect

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The time required for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response in the body.

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Peak Level

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The maximum concentration of a drug in the body after administration, usually measured in the blood sample for therepeutic blood monitoring.

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Pharmaceutics

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The science of preparing and dispensing drugs, including dosages and design.

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Pharmacodynamics

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The study of biochemical and physiologic interactions of drugs at their sites of activity.

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Pharmacoeconomics

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The study of economic factors impacting the cost of drug therapy.

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Pharmacogenomics

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The study of the influence of genetic fators on drug response, including the nature of genteic aberrations that result in the absence, overabundance, or insufficiency of drug-metabolizing enzymes.

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Pharmacognosy

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The study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant and animal resources.

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Pharmacokinetics

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The study of what happens to a drug from the time it is put into the body until the parent drug and all metabolites have left the body.

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Pharmacology

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The broadest term for the study or science of drugs.

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Pharmacotherapeutics

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The treatment of pathologic conditions through the use of drugs.

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Prodrug

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An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body.

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Receptor

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A molecular structure within or on the outer surface of a cell.

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Steady State

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The physiologic state in which the amount of drug abosrbed with each dose.

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Substrates

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Substances on which an enzyme acts.

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Synergistic Effects

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Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is greater than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone.

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Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

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The process of measuring drug levels to identify a patient's drug exposure and to allow adjustment of dosages with goals of maximizing therapeutic effects and minimizing toxicity.

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Therapeutic Effect

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The desired or intended effect of a particualr medication.

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Therapeutic Index

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The ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentrations of a drug.

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Tolerance

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Reduced response to a drug after prolonged use.

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Toxic

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The quality of being poisonous

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Toxicity

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The condition of producing adverse bodily effects due to poisonous qualities.

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Toxicology

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The study of poisons, including toxic drug drug effects, and applicable treatments.

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Trade Name

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The commercial name given to a drug product by its manufacturer.

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Trough Level

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The lowest concentration of drug reached in the body after it falls from its peak level, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring.

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Pharmacology encompasses a variety of differenct topics including....

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absorbtion Biochemical effects Biotransformation Distribution Drug history Drug origin Excretion Mechanisms of action Physical and chemical properties Physical effects Drug receptor mechanisms Therapeutic effects Toxic effects

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What three names will a drug acuire throughout the process of its development?

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Chemical name, generic name, and trade name

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Drugs can be classified by thier....

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Structure and therapeutic use

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Drug absorbtion fastest to slowest

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Oral dissentigration, buccal tablets Liquids and syrups Suspension solutions Powders Capsules Tablets Coated tablets Enteric-coated tablets

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Sublingual or buccal route

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Under the tongue or oral mucosa

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Enteral route

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The drug is absorbed through the mucosa into systemic circulation.

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Parenteral Route

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Fastest route that a drug can be absorbed. Injection.

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Topical Route

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Application of medications on various body surfaces ie; skin, eyes, ears, nose

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Transdermal route

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Through adhesive patches.

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Inhaled Route

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Delivered into the lungs as micrometer-sized drug particles.

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The primary organ responsible for elimination is the....

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Kidney

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Acute Therapy

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More intensive drug treatment in the acutely ill or critically ill.

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Maintenace Therapy

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Prevents progression of a disease or condition.

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Supplemental Therapy

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Or replacement therapy supplies the body with a substance needed to maintain normal function.

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Palliative Therapy

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To make the patient as comfortable as possible.

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Supportive Therapy

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Maintains the integrity of body functions while the patient is recovering from illness or trauma.

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Prophylactic Therapy

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Prevent illness or other undesirable outcomes.

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Empiric Therapy

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Based on clinical probabilities. It involves drug administration when a certain pathological condition has an uncertain but high likeliness of occurrence.

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What is the study of the physiochemical properties of drugs and how they influence the body called? A.Pharmacokinetics B. Pharmacotherapeutics C. Pharmacodynamics E. Pharmacology

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Pharmacodynamics -- In simpler terms, pharmacodynamics is the study of what drugs do to the body

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Pharmacokinetics involves the study of.... A. physiologic interactions of drugs. B. distribution rates among various body compartments. C. interactions between various drugs. E. adverse reactions to medications.

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distribution rates among various body compartments. -- Pharmacokinetics involves the study of how the drug moves through the body, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

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What is an alternate name for biotransformation of a drug? A. Absorption B. Dilution C. Excretion D. Metabolism

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Metabolism -- Metabolism connotes a breakdown of a product. Biotransformation is actually a more accurate term because some drugs are actually changed into an active form in the liver in contrast to being broken down for excretion.

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A drug given by which route is altered by the first-pass effect? A.Sublingual B. Subcutaneous C. Oral D. Intravenous

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Oral -- Medications absorbed in the stomach and small intestine travel through the portal system and are metabolized by the liver before they reach the general circulation.

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Drug half-life is defined as the amount of time required for 50% of a drug to A. be absorbed by the body. B. exert a response. C. be eliminated by the body. D. reach a therapeutic level

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be eliminated by the body. -- In pharmacokinetics, the time required for half of an administered dose of drug to be eliminated by the body, or the time it takes for the blood level of a drug to be reduced by 50%, is the drug's half-life (also called elimination half-life).

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Which action, when performed by the nurse, will increase the absorption of a medication administered intramuscularly? A. Applying cold packs to the injection site B. Lowering the extremity below the level of the heart C. Administering the medication via the Z-track method E. Massaging the site after injection

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Massaging the site after injection -- Massaging the site increases circulation to the area and thus increases absorption, but this should not be performed after all IM injections; it is drug specific. See the recommendations on specific drugs.

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Highly protein-bound drugs ...... A. increase the risk of drug-drug interactions. B. typically provide a short duration of action. C. must be administered with 8 ounces of water. D. have a decreased effect in patients with a low albumin level.

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increase the risk of drug-drug interactions. -- When administering two medications that are highly protein bound, the medications can compete for binding sites on plasma proteins. This competition results in either less of both or less of one of the drugs binding to the proteins, thus increasing the risk of toxicity.

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To achieve the most rapid onset of action, the health care provider will prescribe the medication to be administered by which route? A. Subcutaneously B. Intravenously C. Intramuscularly D. Intrathecally

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Intravenously -- When a drug is administered intravenously, it does not need to be absorbed because it is placed directly into general circulation.

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Patients with renal failure would most likely have problems with drug A. excretion. B. absorption. C. metabolism. D. distribution.

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excretion -- The kidneys are responsible for the majority of drug excretion.

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What is the ratio between a drug's therapeutic effects and toxic effects called? A. Tolerance B. Cumulative effect C. Therapeutic index D. Affinity

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Therapeutic index -- The ratio of a drug's therapeutic benefits to its toxic effects is referred to as the drug's therapeutic index.

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When a patient asks the nurse why a lower dose of intravenous pain medication is being given than the previous oral dose, what knowledge will the nurse draw on to respond to the patient? A. Medications given intravenously are not affected by the first-pass effect. B. Medications given orally bypass the portal circulatory system. C. A large percentage of an intravenously administered drug is metabolized into inactive metabolites in the liver. D. Drugs administered intravenously enter the portal system prior to systemic distribution.

answer

Medications given intravenously are not affected by the first-pass effect. -- When drugs with a high first-pass effect are administered orally, a large amount of drug may be metabolized before it reaches the systemic circulation. The same drug given intravenously will bypass the liver. This prevents the first-pass effect from taking place, and therefore more of the drug reaches the circulation. Parenteral doses of drugs with a high first-pass effect are much smaller than oral doses, yet they produce the same pharmacologic response.

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The nurse understands that drugs exert their actions on the body by (Select all that apply.) interacting with receptors. making the cell perform a new function. inhibiting the action of a specific enzyme. altering metabolic chemical processes.

answer

interacting with receptors. inhibiting the action of a specific enzyme. altering metabolic chemical processes.

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The nurse needs to be aware that which factors will affect the absorption of orally administered medications? (Select all that apply.) Presence of food in the stomach pH of the stomach Patient position upon intake of medication Form of drug preparation Time of day

answer

Presence of food in the stomach pH of the stomach Form of drug preparation Time of day -- Various factors affecting the rate of drug absorption include the administration route of the drug, presence of food or fluids administered with the drug, dosage formulation, status of the absorptive surface, rate of blood flow to the small intestine, acidity of the stomach, and status of gastrointestinal motility. Time of day would affect the acidity of the stomach and would therefore affect the rate of drug absorption.

Pharmacology 106- Chapter 2 – Flashcards

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