Period 1: Technological and Environmental Transformations – Flashcards
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1.1 What is the evidence that explains the earliest history of humans on the planet? How is this evidence interpreted?
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-Artifacts -Cave paintings -burial sites -These artifacts paint a picture of past life.
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1.1.I) Where did humans first appear on Earth, and what were their society, technology, and culture?
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-Africa -Hunting gathering societies - Crude hand shaped stone and wood tools -Rituals to lessen fear of death -Cave paintings expressed nature's beauty -Rich language and symbols -Greatest acheivment- spread of human species accrost planet -Woman and men equal due to woman supplying most food while men hunted with little success.
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1.1.I.A) Describe earliest humans' technology and tools.
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-Crudely shaped stone and wooden implements
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1.1.I.B) How did the earliest humans' society help them procure enough supplies to survive winter?
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-They all worked together -Population growth was slow
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1.2) What were the long-term demographic, social, political, and ecomomic effects of the Neolithic revolution? How did pastoral societies resemble or differ from early agricultural societies?
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-Agriculture spawned population increase, from 6-8 million to 100 million in about 3000 years. -People had more food and more time -Herding societies moved from place to place, and did not settle.
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1.2.I) How did the Neolithic Revolution affect human societies economically and socially?
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-Larger populations -better food supplies -greater wealth -more settled existence -specialization; new technologies -Baskets, pottery wheel -science
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1.2.I.A.) Why did the Neolithic Revolution Start (at all)? Where did the Neolithic Revolution first transform human populations?(plural answer)
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-The invention of agriculture took place slowly over thousands of years - Supported more people per square mile than hunting -Began in the MIddle East with barley and wild wheat, and independantly in Asia and China with rice farming. - Began independently in America with corn
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1.2.I.B) Where did pastoralism persist even after the Neolithic revolution?
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-Africa; Isolation -Australia; Isolation -Islands of southeast Asia; Isolation -Northern Japan: Isolation -North America; resistance -Central Asia; resistance
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1.2.I.C) What various crops ; animals were developed or domesticated during the Neolithic Revolution?
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-Grains such as barley and wild wheat, beans; Middle East -Rice, bananas; Asia -Local grains, roots crops(yams); Africa -Corn, beans; America
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1.2.1.D) What labor adjustments did humans make in order to facilitate the Neolithic Revolution?
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-Worked Longer hours -Specialization -Tools ; Technology
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1.2.I.E) WHat were the environmental effects of the Neolithic Revolution?
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-Relatively little impact on environment
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1.2.II) What were the effects of pastoralism and agriculture on humans?
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-Populations increased -Development of metal tools -Specialization
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1.2.II.A) What effects did pastoralism and agriculture have on food supply?
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-Increase of food supply -More reliable food supply -Surplus
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1.2.II.B) What were the social effects of the increased food supply caused by increase of agriculture?
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-People could afford to build houses and villages -Specialization, not everyone had to provide food -New technologies, basket-making and pottery to store surplus food -Science, knowledge of weather and flooding
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1.2.II.C) What technological innovations are associated with the growth of Agriculture?
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-Basket-making -Pottery, potters wheel -Metal tools, Copper and bronze, hoes -Writing, Cuneiform -Political Structures
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1.3) What is a 'civilization,' and what are the defining characteristics of a civilization?
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-Reliant on sedentary agriculture -Ability to produce food surplus -Existence of nonfarming elites -Merchant and nonfarming groups
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1.3.I) Where did the earliest civilizations develop, and why did they develop in those locations?
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-Middle East, Egypt, Northwestern India, Northern China -Most densly populated areas -Key rriver valleys -Written language allowed messages and records
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1.3.II) What is a "State?" Who ruled the early states, and which segments of society usually supported the ruler?
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-Kings -Claimed divine authority -Higher ranks of society support ruler
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1.3.II.B) WHy were some early states able to expand and conquer neighboring states?
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-More organized political structures -Greater supply and wealth -More support from within
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1.3.II.C) GIve four examples of early empires in the Nile ; Tigris/Euphrates River Valleys.
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-Mesopomia -Sumaria -Babylonia -Egypt
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1.3.II.D) What role did pastoral civilizations play vis a vis empires?
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-Domestication of animals -Technological improvements in riding equipment and weaponry -World trade -developing contacts with settled societies
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1.3.III) How did culture play a role in unifying populations?
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-Spiritual beleifs bring populations together
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1.3.III.A) What architectural forms did early civilizations produce?
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-Sumerians created Ziggurats, massive towers for temples Indus Valley Civilizations -City walls made of standardized kiln-dried briks -Organized construction
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1.3.III.B) Which social strata encouraged the development of art in ancient civilizations?
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-Religion
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1.3.III.C) What forms of writing developed in ancient civilizations?
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-Cuneiform; sumarians -Egyptian Alphabet -Chinese derilicts -Phoenician Alphabet
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1.3.III.D) WHat was the relationship between literature and culture?
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-Civilizations with more developed writing had more unifiedcultures. -Literature reflected the culture of civilizations
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1.3.III.E) What pre-600 BCE religions strongly influenced later eras?
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-Judaism -Sumerian beleifs of god and nature
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1.3.III.F) How "big" were the pre-600 BCE trading regions?
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-Most trade was centered on small regions -Some trade went great distances -Phoenicians traded with Britain for metals -Chinese silk reached Egypt
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1.3.III.G0 How did social and gender identities develop pre-600 BCE?
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-Man became higher than woman
