Pearson Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 4 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
tissues
answer
groups of cells similar in structure that perform common or related function
question
histology
answer
study of tissues
question
Four basic tissue types:
answer
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
question
Fixed:
answer
tissue is preserved
question
Sectioned
answer
tissue is cut into slices thin enough to transmit light or electrons
question
stained
answer
a dye is used to enhance contrast
question
artifacts
answer
distortions in preserved tissue
question
epithelial tissue (epithelium)
answer
a sheet of cells that covers the body surfaces or lines body cavities
question
covering and lining epithelium
answer
located on external and internal surfaces ex.) skin
question
glandular epithelium
answer
made up of secreting cells that make up the glands of the body
question
main functions of epithelial tissue:
answer
1. protection 2. absorption 3. filtration 4. excretion 5. secretion 6. sensory reception
question
characteristics of epithelial tissue:
answer
1. polarity 2. specialized contacts 3. supported by connective tissues 4. avascular, but innervated 5. regeneration
question
apical surface
answer
upper free surface exposed to body exterior OR the cavity of an internal organ; some have microvilli, some have cilia
question
basal surface
answer
lower attached surface which attaches to basal lamina
question
basal lamina
answer
noncellular, adhesive sheet made of glycoproteins and collagen fibers; holds basal surface of epithelial cells to underlying cells
question
epithelial tissues fit closely together and form continuous sheets
answer
--except for glandular epithelia
question
tight junctions and desmosomes
answer
specialized lateral contact points that bind adjacent epithelial cells together
question
reticular lamina
answer
layer of extracellular material that "belongs to" the underlying connective tissue; made of collagen protein fibers
question
basement membrane
answer
formed by the reticular lamina and basal lamina; -reinforces epithelial sheet, resists stretching, defines the epithelial boundary
question
avascular but innervated
answer
-no blood cells are found -nourished by diffusion -epithelia are supplied by nerve fibers
question
regeneration
answer
replacement of destroyed tissue with same type of tissue
question
damage of epithelial cells
answer
caused by friction and hostile substances; leads to loss of apical-basal polarity and broken lateral contacts; cell division occurs
question
squamous
answer
flattened and scale-like
question
cuboidal
answer
box-like; cube
question
columnar
answer
tall, column-like
question
simple epithelia
answer
single layer thick -absorption, secretion, or filtration
question
stratified epithelia
answer
two or more layers -high abrasion areas where protection is important
question
cell is named for:
answer
the shape in top (apical) layer
question
Simple squamous:
answer
single layer of flattened cells Location: alveoli of lungs Function: rapid diffusion
question
endothelium
answer
simple squamous in lining of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and heart
question
mesothelium
answer
simple squamous in lining of serous membranes in the ventral body cavity
question
simple cuboidal epithelium
answer
single layer of cube-like cells; large spherical central nuclei Location: kidney tubules Function: secretion and absorption
question
simple columnar epithelium
answer
single layer of tall cells; round to oval nuclei --may contain goblet cells Location: -nonciliated: digestive tract -ciliated: bronchi Function: absorption, secretion of mucous, propelling mucous or reproductive cells by ciliary action
question
goblet cells
answer
secrete mucous
question
stratified squamous epithelia
answer
many cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal and apical cells are squamous or flat Location: skin Function: protection
question
Keratinized stratified squamous
answer
-outermost layer is dead (no nuclei) and filled with keratin protein -helps to keep skin dry (waterproofer)
question
non-keratinized stratified squamous
answer
-forms linings in ares kept moist -mouth, esophagus, vagina
question
stratified cuboidal epithelium
answer
-rare in the body -typically two layers Location: large glands (sweat, mammary)
question
stratified columnar epithelium
answer
-rare in the body -can occur at junctions between two types of epithelia Location: pharynx, male urethra, lining some glandular ducts
question
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
answer
-single layer of cells that differ in height --contains goblet cells Location: trachea Function: propel substances (mucous) and secretion of mucous
question
transitional epithelium
answer
-basal cells are cuboidal or columnar -apical cells are dome shaped when relaxed and squamous shaped when distended Location: bladder and urinary system Function: change shape and allow an increase volume of urine
question
gland
answer
one or more cells that make and secrete a product
question
secretion
answer
-aqueous fluid rich in proteins, lipids, or steroids that is the product of glands -process of making and releasing a product
question
endocrine
answer
internally secreting to another site in the body
question
exocrine
answer
externally secreting to a site outside the body
question
Endocrine glands = ductless glands
answer
secretions are released into surrounding interstitial fluid, which is picked up by circulatory system --most are multicellular but some individual cells
question
hormones
answer
messenger chemicals secreted via exocytosis into extracellular space and travel to target organ
question
exocrine glands
answer
secretions are released onto body surfaces or into body cavities; more numerous than endocrine glands -unicellular or multicellular
question
Products of exocrine glands:
answer
mucous, sweat, oil, saliva, bile, digestive enzymes
question
Unicellular exocrine gland:
answer
goblet cells and mucous cells
question
mucin
answer
product of goblet cells or mucous cells that contains a glycoprotein that dissolves in water to form mucus
question
mucus
answer
slimy coating that protects and lubricates (secrete via exocytosis)
question
multicellular exocrine glands
answer
composed of a duct and secretory unit; surrounded by supportive connective tissue -supplies blood and nerve fibers to gland -forms capsule around gland -extends into gland, dividing it into lobes
question
tubular gland
answer
secretory cells from a tube
question
alveolar gland
answer
secretory cells form sacs
question
tubuloalveolar
answer
tube and sacs
question
simple glands
answer
have unbranched ducts
question
compound glands
answer
have branched ducts
question
merocrine
answer
secrete products by exoctyosis as secretions are produced
question
holocrine
answer
accumulate products within, then rupture
question
apocrine
answer
accumulate products withing, but only apex ruptures (not sure if these exist in humans)
question
connective tissue
answer
most abundant and widely distributed of primary tissues
question
functions of connective tissue
answer
1. binding and support 2. protecting 3. insulating 4. storing reserve fuel 5. transporting substances
question
exctracellular matrix (ECM)
answer
made up of ground substance and fibers -non-living -living cells of the tissue are embedded in it -allows connective tissue to bear weight, withstand tension, and endure abuses
question
ground substance
answer
unstructured gel-like material that fills space between cells -interstitial fluid -cell adhesion proteins -proteoglycans (sugar proteins) -water is trapped in varying amounts
question
collagen fibers
answer
strongest and most abundant type -provides high, tensile strength -made up of collagen protein
question
elastic fibers
answer
networks of long, thin, fibers -contain elastin: rubber-like protein -allow for stretch and recoil
question
reticular fibers
answer
short, fine, hgihly branched collagenous fibers -branching forms networks -different chemistry and form from collagen fibers -surround small blood vessels -support soft tissue of organs
question
"blast" cells
answer
immature form -actively mitotic -secrete ground substance and ECM fibers
question
fibroblasts
answer
found in connective tissue proper
question
chondroblasts
answer
found in cartilage
question
osteoblasts
answer
found in bone
question
hematopoietic stem cells
answer
found in bone marrow
question
"cyte" cells
answer
mature form -becomes part of the extracellular matrix -maintains health -less active
question
fat cells
answer
store nutrients
question
white blood cells
answer
tissue response to injury ex.) neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes
question
mast cells
answer
initiate local inflammatory response against foreign microorganisms
question
macrophages
answer
phagocytic cells that "eat" dead cells and microorganisms
question
Loose connective tissue types
answer
-areolar, adipose, reticular
question
areolar loose connective tissue
answer
gel like matrix, all 3 fiber types Location: dermal papilla (under the hypodermis of the skin) Function: acts as a cushion, "packing material" between tissues
question
adipose loose connective tissue
answer
sparse matrix, closely packed fat cells Location: under skin, around organs Function: insulation; support and protection
question
reticular loose connective tissue
answer
loose network of reticular fibers; gel-like ground substance; reticular cells Location: spleen and lymphatic system Function: support of organs
question
dense connective tissue types:
answer
regular, irregular, elastic
question
dense regular connective tissue
answer
parallel collagen fibers, few elastic fibers, fibroblast cells Location: attaches things; tendons and ligaments Function: withstand stress in 1 direction
question
dense irregular connective tissue
answer
irregularly arranged collagen fibers, some elastic fibers, fibroblast cells Location: fibrous capsules of organs and joints (shoulder) Function: withstand tension in multiple directions; structural strength
question
dense elastic connective tissue
answer
dense tissue, high amount of elastic fibers Location: artery walls Function: allows recoil after stretch; maintains blood flow through arteries
question
Hyaline cartilage
answer
most abundant cartilage, matrix appears glassy, chondrocytes lie in lacunae (cavities in the matrix) Location: costal cartilage of ribs Function: support and reinforcement; acts as a cushion; resists compression
question
elastic cartilage
answer
more elastic fibers than hyaline Location: ear Function: maintain shape and structure with ability to flex
question
fibrocartilage
answer
less firm matrix than hyaline, thick collagen fibers, alternating fibers and cells Location: intervertebral discs Function: absorbs compressive shock
question
bone tissue
answer
osteons, lamellae, central canal, hard calcified matrix, collagen fibers Location: bones Function: support and protection, framework
question
osteons
answer
closely packed structural units
question
lamellae
answer
concentric rings of bony matrix
question
central canal
answer
contains blood supply
question
bood
answer
fluid in blood vessels (red and white blood cells, platelets, fluid matrix or plasma) -most atypical connective tissue -doesn't connect things or give support Location: within blood vessels Function: transport gases, nutrients, and wastes
question
myofilaments
answer
networks of actin and myosin filaments in muscle cells; enable movement and contraction
question
skeletal muscle
answer
long, cylindrical cells; multinucleate; striations Location: skeletal muscles attached to bone or skin Function: voluntary movement
question
smooth muscle
answer
spindle shaped cells; elongated; central nuclei; no striations Location: walls of hollow organs (blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, bladder, respiratory tract, digestive tract, iris of the eye) Function: involuntary muscle movement; propel substances along internal passageways by contracting
question
cardiac muscle
answer
branched cells, striated, uninucleate, cells fit together at unique junctions (intercalated discs) Location: walls of the heart Function: involuntary muscle; propels blood when it contracts
question
nervous tissue
answer
made of neurons (branching cells with soma, dendrites, and axon) and glial cells (varied structures that support) Location: brain, spinal cord, nerves Function: -neurons: generate and conduct nerve impulses -dendrites: respond to stimuli and pick up signal -axon: transmits electrical impulses -glial cells: act as a mesh to support, insulate and protect the neurons
question
covering and lining membranes
answer
composed of at least two primary tissue types: an epithelium bound to underlying connective tissue proper layer -cutaneous -mucous -serous
question
cutaneous membrane
answer
(a.k.a. skin) -keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) attached to a thick layer of connective tissue (dermis) -dry membrane
question
mucous membrane
answer
(a.k.a. mucosae) line body cavities that are open to the exterior -epithelial sheet lies over layer of loose connective tissue called lamina propria -moist membranes bathed by secretions (ex. urine) -may secrete mucus
question
serous membrane
answer
(a.k.a. serosae) -found in closed ventral body cavities -made of simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) resting on thin areolar connective tissue -moist membrane (cavity is filled with serous fluid)
question
parietal
answer
line internal body cavity walls
question
visceral
answer
cover internal organs
question
pleurae
answer
lungs
question
pericardium
answer
heart
question
peritoneum
answer
abdomen
question
endothelium
answer
simple squamous in lining of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and heart
question
mesothelium
answer
simple squamous in lining of serous membranes in the ventral body cavity
question
endothelium
answer
simple squamous in lining of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and heart
question
mesothelium
answer
simple squamous in lining of serous membranes in the ventral body cavity
question
endothelium
answer
simple squamous in lining of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and heart
