question

cancer

answer

also known as malignancy

question

cancer

answer

this is the leading cause of death worldwide

question

lung cancer

answer

this is the leading type of cancer to affect people worldwide

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9 million

answer

deaths from cancer worldwide are projected to continue to rise with an estimated _____ death are projected in 2015 and 11.4 million deaths in 2030

question

tumors, neoplasms

answer

other terms used to describe cancer are _____ and _____.

question

tumor

answer

this fundamentally means swelling

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neoplasia

answer

this refers to new growth

question

benign, malignant

answer

a tumor or neoplasm can either be _____ or _____.

question

benign

answer

this type of neoplasm is noncancerous and usually localized to a tissue or organ

question

malignant

answer

these type of neoplasms, or cancer, consists of rapidly dividing cells that accumulate uncontrollably invading normal tissue, and have the ability to metastasize

question

metastasize

answer

the process by which cancer spreads from one place to another

question

metastasize

answer

benign tumors do not do this

question

four factors that regulate cell growth

answer

these are known as this: -growth factors -growth inhibitors -cell cycle proteins called cyclins -programmed cell death or apoptosis

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carcinogenesis

answer

the development of cancer and literally means "cancer growth"

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mutation

answer

a change in the biochemistry of a gene, resulting in the production of abnormal cells

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oncogenes

answer

cancer-causing genes that are formed due to mutations

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lung cancer

answer

this is the most common malignant disease worldwide and is the major cause of death from cancer

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40, 70

answer

in both men and women, the incidence of lung cancer is low before the age of _____ and increases up to at least age _____.

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tobacco smoke

answer

this accounts for more than 90% of all lung cancers

question

90%

answer

tobacco smoke accounts for more than _____ of all lung cancers.

question

lung cancer risk

answer

in addition to cigarette smoke, household exposure to radon as well as industrial exposures to asbestos and other air borne chemicals increase this

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cough

answer

this is the most common presenting symptom in lung cancer is is reported along with *shortness of breath* *blood in sputum* *chest pain* *loss of appetite* *wheezing* *stridor or a high-pitched sound during respiration* *hoarseness* *dysphagia or difficulty speaking (frog in truth)*

question

apoptosis

answer

programmed cell death

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endogenous etiologies

answer

when referring to cancer, these might be the causes: -age -sex -race -heredity -hormones -immunity

question

environmental etiologies

answer

when referring to cancer, these might be the cause -tobacco use -industrial chemicals -radiation -poor diet -alcohol consumption -chronic infections -medicinal carcinogens

question

squamous cell carcinomas

answer

these are usually located in the bronchi and are commonly associated with abnormal increases in blood calcium

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adenocarcinomas

answer

these are the most common lung cancers and the type most often diagnosed in nonsmokers.

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risk factors for lung cancer

answer

-tobacco smoke -secondhand smoke -radon -asbestos -other airborne chemicals these can be classified as what?

question

biopsy

answer

this is used to identify cancer cells at a cellular level

question

diagnosis of lung cancer

answer

-patient history -chest x-ray -sputum analysis -various blood tests -CT and PET scans -biopsy *all used to do this*

question

surgery, radiation, chemotherapy

answer

treatments of lung cancer may include

question

breast cancer

answer

this type of cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women

question

signs and symptoms of breast cancer

answer

-an abnormality detected on a mammogram or breast self-examination -thickening, swelling, distortion, tenderness, and skin irritation, nipple changes

question

risk factors for breast cancer

answer

-age -female gender -personal family history -long menstrual history -oral contraceptive use -never having children or having a first child after age 30 -obesity after menopause -post-menopausal hormone replacement therapy -physical inactivity -excess consumption of alcohol -BRAC1, BRCA2 genes *all classified as this*

question

age

answer

this is the number one risk factor for breast cancer because the older you get, cells fade out

question

mutates

answer

an excess consumption of alcohol does this to genes

question

diagnosis of breast cancer

answer

using these methods can aid in doing this -clinical history -physical exam -mammography -ultrasound -biopsy

question

stomach cancer

answer

this is the fourth most common malignancy in the world in 2000

question

risk factors for stomach cancer

answer

-inadequate intake of fresh fruits and vegetables -high salt intake -consumption of smoked or cured meats or fish -helicobacter pylori *all considered this*

question

surgery

answer

this is the most important treatment for stomach cancer

question

colon, rectum

answer

cancers of the _____ and _____ are most common in western societies where consumption of high-fat food, refined carbohydrates, and animal protein combined with low physical activity is common

question

colorectal cancer

answer

signs and symptoms of this include: -rectal bleeding -blood in stool -changes in bowel habits -pain in the lower abdomen

question

colonoscopy

answer

diagnosis of colorectal cancer is made using this method

question

surgery, radiation, chemotherapy

answer

treatment for colorectal cancer include these methods

question

age

answer

the risk of colorectal cancer increases with this

question

90%

answer

_____ of people diagnosed with colorectal cancer are age 50 years and older

question

hepatocellular carcinoma

answer

also known as malignancy of the liver cells, it accounts for 80% of all primary cancers in the liver

question

liver cancer

answer

this accounts for almost 4% of all cancers worldwide and affects men three times more frequently than women

question

hepatomegaly

answer

a sign of liver cancer might be an (enlarged liver) also known as this

question

jaundice

answer

this is the yellowish discoloration of the skin, sclera and bile; it could be an indication of liver cancer

question

ultrasound

answer

this might be used to diagnose liver cancer as it is used to listen to the filtering of the liver

question

liver

answer

a person can donate a part of this organ to another needing a transplant because of the regenerative qualities of this organ

question

cervical cancer

answer

following breast cancer, this is the second most common type of cancer found in women

question

human papillomavirus (hpv)

answer

mlecular and epidemiological studies have shown that certain types of this are central to the development of cervical cancer

question

high-risk sexual behavior

answer

aside from HPV, this can be a risk factor for cervical cancer

question

cervical cancer

answer

diagnosis of this is made using: -pap smears -colposcopy -biopsy

question

cryosurgery

answer

freezing of tissue

question

cautery

answer

heating which vaporize cells can be known as doing this type of procedure

question

uterine cancer

answer

this is the seventh most common cancer of women worldwide, wight he highest incidence reported in the US

question

endometrial cancer

answer

cancer of the uterus is also known as this

question

endometrium

answer

also known as the uterus

question

endometrial cancer

answer

this is linked to reproductive live, with a higher rate among women who have never been pregnant and women in late menopause

question

endometrial cancer

answer

this disease is also associated with obesity, diabetes, and hypertension

question

metrorragia

answer

the most common sign of uterine cancer is this, or uterine bleeding, especially after menopause

question

hysterectomy

answer

one of the treatments for uterine cancer might be surgically removing the uterus known as this type of procedure

question

ovarian cancer

answer

risk factors for this type of cancer may include: -family history -prior history of breast cancer -never been pregnant -history of pelvic inflammatory disease -polycystic ovary disease -endometriosis

question

biopsy

answer

abdominal and vaginal ultrasound are used to detect the presence of an ovarian tumor; however, a definitive diagnosis requires surgical examination and a _____.

question

surgery

answer

the first option for treating ovarian cancer would be this as well as chemotherapy

question

30% to 50%

answer

despite treatment, the overall five-year survival rate for all stages of ovarian cancer ranges from these numbers

question

prostate cancer

answer

this is the third most common cancer in men worldwide, with approximately 543k new cases each year in the US.

question

age

answer

this is the leading risk factor for prostate cancer

question

prostate cancer

answer

there are no symptoms that are absolutely specific to this

question

Prostate specific antigen (PSA)

answer

a blood test known as this may support the diagnosis of prostate cancer

question

surgery and radiation

answer

treatment for prostate cancer include

question

testicular cancer

answer

this accounts for 1.5% of all male cancers

question

testicular cancer

answer

risk factors for this include: -history of undescended testicles -family history of the cancer itself

question

third and fourth decades of life

answer

cancer of the testes can occur at all ages, though the risk is greatest in men during this period of their lives

question

80%

answer

approximately _____ of patients with advanced disease respond to all three treatments in relation to testicular cancer

question

esophagus

answer

cancers of this are the sixth most frequent cancers worldwide

question

esophageal cancer

answer

risk factors for this type of cancer include: -tobacco use -alcohol use -long-standing esophagitis due to reflux disease

question

stenosis

answer

known as narrowing

question

prosthetic tube

answer

replacement of this or a stent across the tumor stenosis may help restore swallowing in patients not suitable for surgery

question

bladder cancer

answer

this is the ninth most common cancer worldwide

question

bladder cancer

answer

risk factors for this may include: -smoking -exposure to certain industrial chemicals such as rubber, aromatic hydrocarbons, asbestos, and solvents used in paint and hairspray -schistosoma haematobium infection -hematuria -increased urinary frequency -chronic uti

question

smoking

answer

the most important risk factor for bladder cancer is this, which accounts for approximately 65% of male cases and 30% of female cases.

question

hematuria

answer

blood in urine is the most common symptom of bladder cancer and is also medically known as this

question

pain

answer

this is rarely associated with hematuria

question

head and neck cancer

answer

this is the eleventh most common cancer worldwide

question

head and neck cancer

answer

smoking and excess alcohol consumption are the major risk factors for this

question

necrosis

answer

death to surrounding tissue

question

bone, muscle, and skin

answer

large masses with areas of necrosis may extend to these parts of the body

question

lymphoma

answer

there are two types of this which include: -hodgkin's disease -non-hodgkin's

question

hodgkin's disease

answer

the type of lymphoma with the risk factors that include: -infections with EBV, HIV -chronic exposure to wood or wood products

question

hodgkin's disease

answer

the signs and symptoms of this include: -painless swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck, armpit or groin -fatigue -unexplained fever -night sweats -indigestion

question

chemotherapy

answer

hodgkin's disease is often treated with _____ with combinations of several different agents

question

non-hodgkin's lymphoma

answer

the risk factors for this include: -HIV/AIDS -EBV -HTLV-1 -Helicobacter pylori

question

non-hodgkin's lymphoma

answer

the signs and symptoms of this include: -painless swelling of the lump nodes -fatigue -night sweats -fever

question

bone marrow sampling

answer

diagnosis of non-hodgkin's lymphoma can be made using a biopsy, x-rays, CT scans, MRI, lymph grams and this which is specific to the body.

question

bone marrow transplant

answer

treatment of non-hodgkin's lymphoma include radiation, chemotherapy and as the last resort, this.

question

leukemia

answer

this is diagnosed 10 times more often in children than in adults

question

children, adults

answer

leukemia is diagnosed 10 times more often in _____ than in _____

question

immature:abnormal

answer

leukemia can mean this

question

leukemia

answer

this, which causes massive proliferation of immature forms of white blood cells, occurs in more than 250k individuals worldwide each years

question

childhood cancer

answer

leukemia is often thought of as

question

leukemia

answer

the symptoms of this include: -fatigue -paleness -weight loss -repeated infections -fever -bruising easily -nosebleeds -other hemorrhages

question

blood tests and bone marrow biopsy

answer

these types of tests provide definitive evidence for leukemia

question

chemotherapy

answer

this is the most effective method for treating leukemia

question

blood transfusions and antibiotics

answer

supportive treatment with _____ _____ and _____ is needed to treat anemia and infections

question

bone marrow transplantation

answer

this from a matched donor, is one form of therapy for late stages of leukemia

question

pancreatic cancer

answer

signs and symptoms of this cancer are very pronounced; an ultrasound can confirm the disease

question

melanoma

answer

this is a malignant proliferation of pigment-producing cells or melanocytes

question

melanocytes

answer

pigment-producing cells

question

melanomas

answer

this can occur anywhere on the skin, though the majority of it in men appear on the back while in women the majority appear on the legs

question

thyroid cancer

answer

known risk factors of this include: -radiation exposure -iodine deficiency -radioactive iodine exposure

question

renal carcinoma

answer

this is the most common type of kidney cancer which occurs twice as frequently in men than in women

question

cigarette smokers

answer

kidney cancer has consistently been found to be more common in

question

kidney cancer

answer

increased risks of this disease include: -obesity -leather tanners, shoeworkers, dry cleaning employees, asbestos workers

question

kidney cancer

answer

signs and symptoms of this include: -hematuria -flank pain -palpable kidney mass

question

65

answer

more than 60% of all cancers in the united states occur in adults over the age of this

question

deoxyribonucleic acid

answer

DNA is an acronym for

question

DNA

answer

parent sex cells of this contain 46 chromosomes and divide by meiosis to produce gametes, which contain 23 chromosomes each

question

xy

answer

male

question

xx

answer

female

question

karyotype

answer

the complete chromosomal composition of the nucleus

question

alleles

answer

alternative forms of a gene

question

heterozygous

answer

this pair of alleles is different

question

dominant

answer

these types of alleles always produce their trait when inherited

question

recessive

answer

these types of alleles only manifest themselves when the person is homozygous for the trait

question

homozygous

answer

An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait.

question

polydactyly

answer

extra fingers or toes

question

achondroplasia

answer

cartilage formation in the fetus is defective causing dwarfism

question

heterozygous

answer

Each parent gives the offspring a different allele for a particular trait

question

phenylketonuria (PKU)

answer

this is a genetic screening for infants

question

retardation

answer

if PKU is left untreated it may lead to this which interferes with the development of the brain, liver and eyes

question

tay-sachs disease

answer

children with this disease usually die between 2 and 4 years of age

question

hermaphrodite

answer

a person having both testes and ovaries are known as this

question

congenital diseases

answer

rubella, cerebral palsy, syphilis, neural tube defect, cleft lip and palate, and esophageal or intestinal atresia are all examples of this

question

congenital diseases

answer

causes of this include inadequate oxygen, maternal infection, drugs, malnutrition, radiation

question

offspring

answer

congenital diseases cannot be transmitted to _____ through genetic material

question

down syndrome

answer

this is known to have these traits: -trisomy 21 -nondisjunction of an autosome -eyes appear slanted -tongue is coarse and often protrudes -nose is short and flat -short stature -sex organs are underdeveloped -straight crease extends across the palm of the hand -little finger is often shorter than normal -short life expectancy -some mental retardation

question

cri-du-chat syndrome

answer

this syndrome usually results in death by age 5-6

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