Pathology & Epidemiology – Flashcards
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Pathology (definition)
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scientific study of disease
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Pathogen (definition)
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disease causing organism
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Etiology (definition)
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cause of disease
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Pathogenesis (definition)
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the manner which the disease originates and develops
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Pathogenicity (definition)
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the ability of microorganism to cause diaseas
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disease (definition)
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any change in health where any part of body can not function properly
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Infection (definition)
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invasion or colonization of pathogenic organism or particles, has to have receptor
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Infectious disease (reqiures3)
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pathogen, invasion, reaction
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Normal microbiota (definition)
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potential pathogen that lives inside the body but there is no reaction (not pathogenic)
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Infection (types)
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Primary, secondary, mixed infection, systemic, localized, focal
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Primary infection (definition)
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acute infection that causes initial disease, often exogenous
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exogenous pathogen (definition)
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pathogens from outside body
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secondary infections (definition)
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An endogenous pathogen that is an opportunistic normal pathogen, only after primary infection weakens immune system will this cause an infection
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endogenous pathogen (definition)
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lives inside the body
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opportunistic organism (definition)
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normal microbiota that does not cause disease under normal conditions, only after immune system is weaken it will cause a REACTION (3)
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Factors that allow endogenous infections (4)
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chemical changes, weakened body defenses, circumvent, change in virulence
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virulence (definition)
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ability to cause disease
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mixed infection (definition)
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caused by two or more species, generally associated w/trauma
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synergism (definition)
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the effect of two organisms acting together is greater than the effect of either acting alone
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systemic (definition)
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microorganisms or their products are spread by blood or lymph
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localized infection (definition)
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confined to an area
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focal infection (definition)
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agents of a local infection can spread to another specific part of the body
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normal microbiota (#in general) on the body
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body contains more bacteria than body cells
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microbial antagonism (definition)
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microbial that does not cause disease under normal conditions but rather helps prevent overgrowth of harmful microorganisms
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microbial antagonism (functions)
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prevents or inhibits colonization by changing PH, E.coli=bacteriocins, competes for receptors and nutrition
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classifying infectious diseases (6 categories)
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symptoms, signs, syndrome, non-communicable, communicable, contagious
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symptoms (definition)
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subjective changes that do not appear to the observer
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signs (definition)
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objective outward changes, observable
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non-communicable (definition)
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can not catch disease from person who has it
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communicable (definition)
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can catch disease from person who has it, either directly or indirectly
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contagious (definition)
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very easily passed from one person to another
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severity of duration of disease (6 categories)
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acute, chronic, latent, recurrent, clinical, subclinical
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acute severity (definition)
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rapid onset, short duration-severe intensity
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chronic severity (definition)
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long duration, progresses slowly, sometimes better and sometimes worse
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latent severity (definition)
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currently not showing S/S but can become active later, no transmission of microbe is occurring
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recurrent severity (definition)
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new symptoms after latent period
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sub-clinical severity (definition)
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does not show S/S
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nosocomial infections (definition,why)
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hospital acquired, microbiota are opportunistic
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nosocomial infections (examples)
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UTI, Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA),Enterococcus faecalis + faecium,Pseudomonas, E.coli,Candida albicans
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compromised host (definition)
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resistance impaired by disease, therapy, burns, trauma
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compromised host (2 principle conditions)
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breaks in skin, depressed immune system
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predisposing factors for infection (8)
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very young, very old, lifestyle, gender, race, renal or hepatic disease (tie up immune system), cancer
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infections of determined by (3)
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condition of contact, virulence, resistance of host
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conditions of contact (3)
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time, dose, portal of entry
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virulence of capsules (structure)
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no receptors for AB's, does not adhere to bacterium
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virulence of endospores (base line)
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ID50, infection does for 50% of sample population
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virulence of enzymes (types 4)
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coagulases, kinase, hyaluronidase, collagonase
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virulence of coagulase (function)
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clots and protects bacterium from phagocytosis
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virulence of kinase (function)
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dissolves clot that isolates infection to spread
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??virulence of hyaluronidase (function)
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gas gangrene, holds CT together, moves rapidly
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??virulence of collagonase (function)
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gas gangrene
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virulence of generation time (function)
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time it takes for population to double in #
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virulence of toxins (base line)
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LD50, lethal dose for 50% of population
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virulence of antibody resistance (function)
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R factor plasmids
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Host resistance (factors3)
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specific (antibody), non-specific (fever), immune status
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Epidemiology (definition)
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study of disease, how, when and where they occur and how they are transmitted in populations
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Epidemiology looks at: (4)
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etiology, demographics, modes of transmission, portal of entry/exit
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demographics (definition)
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age, gender, geographic, social status, race, habits ect.
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demographics (involves2)
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occurrence of disease, frequency of disease
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occurrence of disease (involves)
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incidence, prevalence
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incidence (definition)
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# of new cases in a certain period of time
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prevalence (definition)
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# of cases since discovery of disease
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frequency of disease (involves4)
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sporadic, endemic, epidemic, pandemic
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sporadic (definition)
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occurs only occasionally, not common
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endemic (definition)
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constantly present in population in low numbers
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epidemic (definition)
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large number in short period of time, sometimes clustered in local areas
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pandemic (definition)
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disease that occurs worldwide in large #'s and large areas
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emerging infectious diseases (factors)
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increasing human populations, ecological changes, antibiotic resistance, air travel, global warming, pathogen moves from one species to another
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Modes of transmission (definition/sources3)
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spread of infection from reservoir of infection to susceptible host/ contacts, vehicles, vector
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contact transmission (types)
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direct, indirect, droplet transmission
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direct contact (definition)
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person to person, animal to person
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indirect contact (definition)
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non-living object (fomite) to person
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droplet transmission (definition)
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short distance mucus droplets, less than a meter, not considered airborne
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direct contact transmission can occur in period of?
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incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, convalescence
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period of incubation (definition)
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time of interval between contact w/microb and 1st symptom
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period of prodromal (definition)
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early symptoms after incubation period
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period of illness (defininiton_
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disease is most acute
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period of decline (definition)
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S/S decline but vulnerable to secondary infection
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period of convalescene (definition)
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return to per-disease state, can still shed disease in fecal matter
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carrier (definition)
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human resiervoir of infection
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zoonosis (definition)
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disease of an animal that can be passed to human
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Vehicles (definition)
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transmission of disease agent by a medium (inanimate substance)
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vehicles (examples)
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soil, water, food, blood, sprays, air (more than a meter)
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vectors (definition)
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living transmitters, not human but arthropods
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vectors (functions2)
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mechanical transmission, biological transmission
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mechanical transmission (definition/example)
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passive transfer / fly lands on feces than lands on food
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biological transmission (definition/example)
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active transfer / mosquito bite
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portal of entry (types)
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mucus membranes, skin, parental route
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mucus membrane portal of entry (types4)
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resp. tract, GI tract, urogenital tract, eyes
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skin portal of entry (how?)
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burrow, sweat glands, seb glands, hair follicle, fungi can grow on skin
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parenteral route of entry (Definition)
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directly beneath skin or membrane
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portal of exits (5)
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Resp. and GI tracts, urogenital tract, bleeding, body fluids
