Patho review chapter 2 – Flashcards
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the correct proportion of water to body weight to be expected in a healthy male adult's body:
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60%
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the correct proportion of blood (to body weight) in an adult male's body:
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4%
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Insensible fluid loss refers to water lost through:
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perspiration and expiration
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When the osmotic pressure of the blood is elevated above normal, water would shift from the:
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interstitial compartment into the blood
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result from a deficit of plasma proteins?
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Decreased osmotic pressure
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What would cause edema?
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Increased capillary permeability
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which would likely be related to an elevated hematocrit reading?
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fluid deficit
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what is a typical sign of dehydration?
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rough oral mucosa
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refers to a combination of decreased circulating blood volume combined with excess fluid in a body cavity?
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third-spacing
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the primary cation in the extracellular fluid?
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sodium
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a common cause of hyponatremia?
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excessive sweating
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a common effect of both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia?
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cardiac arrhythmias
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the correct effect of increased parathyroid hormone.
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Increased absorption of calcium from the digestive tract
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Which of the following results from hypocalcemia? 1. Low serum phosphate levels 2. Nausea and constipation 3. Skeletal muscle twitch and spasms 4. Weak cardiac contractions
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3,4
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Which of the following causes tetany?
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Increased permeability of nerve membranes due to low serum calcium
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In which of the following processes is phosphate ion NOT a major component?
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blood clotting
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Which of the following would be considered normal serum pH?
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7.35-7.4
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When many excess hydrogen ions accumulate in the blood, what happens to serum pH? The pH:
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decreases
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What is the slowest but most effective control for acid-base balance?
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kidneys
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Which of the following is essential in order to maintain serum pH within normal range?
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The ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate ion must be 1:20.
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the correct effect on the body of abnormally slow respirations?
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Increased carbonic acid
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Which condition is likely to cause metabolic acidosis?
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Prolonged diarrhea
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What would a serum pH of 7.33 in a patient with kidney disease indicate?
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Metabolic acidosis
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Which serum value indicates decompensated metabolic acidosis?
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pH is below normal range
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What is the effect on blood serum when excessive lactic acid accumulates in the body?
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Bicarbonate ion levels decrease
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The direct effects of acidosis are manifested primarily in the functioning of the:
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Nervous system
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Compensation mechanisms in the body for dehydration would include:
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increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
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Which acid-base imbalance results from impaired expiration due to emphysema?
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Respiratory acidosis
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In patients with impaired expiration associated with emphysema, effective compensation for the acid-base imbalance would be:
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decreased urine pH and increased serum bicarbonate.
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An anxiety attack often causes hyperventilation leading to:
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decreased PCO2.
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One of the factors involved in the increased need for water in infants is:
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higher metabolic rate.
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Compensation for respiratory system depression due to anesthesia and sedation would be:
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increased secretion of hydrogen ions into the filtrate.
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A prolonged state of metabolic acidosis often leads to:
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hyperkalemia.
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Strenuous physical exercise on a hot day is likely to result in:
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hypovolemia.
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Place the following events in the correct sequence of events when ketoacids increase in the blood of a diabetic patient. Not all options are used in the answers. 1. Serum pH decreases 2. Serum bicarbonate decreases 3. PCO2 decreases 4. Respiration decreases 5. Respiration increases 6. Serum pH increases 7. Urine pH decreases
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2, 1, 5, 3, 7, 6
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Which of the following is a manifestation of respiratory alkalosis?
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Increased nervous system irritability
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Prolonged diarrhea results in:
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loss of fluid and bicarbonate ions, leading to metabolic acidosis.
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In the initial stage, vomiting results in:
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metabolic alkalosis.
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Which two ions are most important for acid-base balance in the body?
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Cl- and HCO3-
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The bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system helps maintain serum pH. The balance of the carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion levels are controlled by the:
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lungs and kidneys.
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Alkalosis increases irritability and spontaneous stimulation of nerves by:
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increasing the permeability of nerve membranes.
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Hypocalcemia causes weak cardiac contractions because:
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insufficient calcium ions are available for muscle contraction.
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Serum potassium levels are affected by: 1. ADH. 2. aldosterone. 3. serum H+ levels. 4. insulin levels
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2, 3, 4
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Which of the following is the primary control of serum Na+ levels?
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Aldosterone
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The control center for thirst is located in the:
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hypothalamus.
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Which statements apply to atrial natriuretic peptide? 1. It is secreted by heart muscle cells. 2. It is a hormone secreted by the kidneys. 3. It helps to control water and sodium balance. 4. It is released in response to low blood pressure.
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1,3
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What are the three mechanisms that control or compensate for serum pH?
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Buffer pairs in blood, change in kidney excretion rate, change in respiration rate
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Hypokalemia refers to a condition in which the serum has a very low level of which ion?
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potassium
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In the blood and extracellular fluids, hypernatremia refers to:
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an excess sodium level
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Increased milk and/or antacid intake can contribute to development of "milk-alkali syndrome," which can cause which of the following?
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hypercalcemia
