question

What do the extrinsic muscles of the eye control?

answer

Movement of the eyeball

question

Which of the following is caused by an irregular curvature of the cornea or lens?

answer

Astigmatism

question

Which disorder is manifested by loss of peripheral vision?

answer

Chronic (wide-angle) glaucoma

question

Which of the following involves a gradual clouding of the lens of the eye?

answer

Cataract

question

What is the basic pathological change with macular degeneration?

answer

Degeneration of the retinal cells in the fovea centralis.

question

What does the inner ear contain?

answer

Organ of corti and semicircular canals.

question

How does otosclerosis cause hearing loss?

answer

Fixation of the stapes to the oval window.

question

Which is the early effect of age-related macular degeneration?

answer

Loss of central visual acuity.

question

Loss of the left visual field results from damage to the:

answer

Right occipital lobe.

question

An infection that damages the auditory nerve can cause what type of hearing loss?

answer

Sensorineural

question

The area providing the greatest visual acuity is the:

answer

Fovea centralis

question

The lens and cornea are nourished by:

answer

aqueous humor

question

Which term refers to near-sightedness?

answer

Myopia

question

The semicircular canals of the inner ear are responsible for:

answer

balance and equilibrium

question

Trachoma is indicated by the presense of:

answer

corneal abrasions by the infected eyelids.

question

What must happen for the pupil of the eye to dilate?

answer

Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system is required

question

Trachoma is an eye infection caused by:

answer

Chlamydia bacteria

question

Which of the following is a sign of a detached retina?

answer

No pain, development of a dark area in the visual field

question

In a case of acute otitis media, what would a purulent discharge in the external canal of the ear and some pain relief likely indicate?

answer

Rupture of the tympanic membrane

question

Why does vertigo occur with Meniere's syndrome?

answer

Excessive endolymph impairs the function of hair cells in the labyrinth.

question

Which is the early effect of age-related macular degeneration?

answer

loss of central visual acuity

question

What kind of control mechanism is indicated when increased blood glucose levels stimulate increased secretion of insulin?

answer

Negative feedback control

question

Choose one statement that applies to type 1 DM.

answer

onset often occurs during childhood

question

Why does polyuria develop with DM?

answer

Osmotic pressure due to glucose

question

What is the cause of diabetic ketoacidosis?

answer

Increased catabolisim of fats and protiens

question

Immediate treatment for insulin shock may include:

answer

consumption of fruit juice or candy

question

How do many oral hypoglycemic drugs act?

answer

To stimulate the pancreas to promote more insulin

question

Which of the following hormonal imbalances causes myxedema?

answer

Deficit of T3 and T4

question

When highly acidic chyme enters the duodenum, which hormone stimulates the release of pancreatic secretions that contains very high bicarbonate ion content?

answer

Secretin

question

Which of the following breaks protein down into peptides?

answer

Amylase

question

In which structure is oxygenated blood (arterial) mixed with unoxygenated blood (venous) so as to support the functions of the structure?

answer

Liver

question

Which of the following stimulates increased peristalsis and secretions in the digestive tract?

answer

Vagus nerve

question

Which of the following is contained in pancreatic exocrine secretions?

answer

Bicarbonate ion

question

What is the most common cause of endocrine disorders?

answer

Benign tumor

question

What is the cause of ketoacidosis?

answer

Increased catabolism of fats and protiens

question

Which of the following may cause insulin shock to develop?

answer

strenuous excerise

question

Which of the following indicated hypoglycemia in a diabetic?

answer

Staggering gait, disorientation, and confusion

question

Which of the following are signs of diabetic ketoacidosis in an unconscious person?

answer

deep rapid respirations and fruity breath odor

question

Which of the following cells in the gastric mucosa produce intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid?

answer

Parietal cells

question

The visceral peritoneum:

answer

forms the outer covering of the stomach

question

Small, hidden amounts of blood in stool are referred to as:

answer

occult blood

question

What is the definition of dysphagia?

answer

difficulty in swallowing

question

What is a common cause of hiatial hernia?

answer

increased intra-abdominal pressure

question

What is a common cause of gastroenteritis due to Salmonella?

answer

Raw or undercooked poultry or eggs

question

A patient with acquired pyloric stenosis would likely:

answer

vomit undigested food from previous meals

question

What would be the result of chronic bleeding from the gastric carcinoma?

answer

occult blood in the stool and anemia

question

Bilirubin is a product of:

answer

hemolysis of RBC's and breakdown of hemoglobin

question

What is the major effect when a gallstone obstructs the cystic duct?

answer

severe colicky pain in upper right quadrant

question

Which of the following applies to hepatitis A infection?

answer

it is transmitted by the fecal-oral route

question

What is the most common type of hepatitis transmitted by blood transfusion?

answer

HCV

question

What indicates the presence of third-stage alcohol hepatitis?

answer

decreased production of blood clotting factors

question

Malnutrition may develop in children with celiac disease because of:

answer

damage to the intestinal villi

question

What pain is typical of diverticulitis?

answer

lower left quadrant

question

To which site does colon cancer usually first metastasize?

answer

Liver

question

Bile pigment gallstones are more common in individuals dealing with:

answer

Alcoholic cirrhosis

question

Which of the following is the most frequent location of peptic ulcers?

answer

Proximal duodenum

question

What does the term melena mean?

answer

blood in a dark-colored stool

question

Which of the following occurs with hepatitis B?

answer

The liver is inflamed and enlarged.

question

Which of the following is the primary site for absorption of nutrients?

answer

Ileum

question

The presence of food in the intestine stimulates intestinal activity by inhibits gastric activity through the:

answer

Enterogastric reflex

question

Which of the following statements applies to bile salts?

answer

They emulsify lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins

question

The early stage of vomiting causes:

answer

metabolic alkalosis

question

Yellow or greenish stained vomitus usually indicates the presence of:

answer

Bile

question

Which of the following applies to the act of swallowing?

answer

It requires coordination of cranial nerves V, IX, X, and XII

question

Oral candidiasis is considered to:

answer

be an opportunistic fungal infection of the mouth

question

Why does herpes simplex infection tend to recur?

answer

the virus persists in latent form in sensory nerve ganglia

question

What does the term peiodontitis refer to?

answer

Bacterial damage to the teeth and surrounding alveolar bone

question

What is a common sign of acute gastritis?

answer

Vomiting and anorexia

question

Obstruction of the biliary tract by gallstones is referred to as:

answer

choledocholithiasis

question

In patients with cirrhosis, serum ammonia may increase when:

answer

bleeding occurs in the digestive tract

question

Which of the following is a major cause of primary hepatocellular cancer?

answer

long-term exposure to certain chemicals

question

Malnutrition may develop in children with celiac disease because of:

answer

damage to the intestinal villi.

question

What are the typical changes occuring with Chron's disease?

answer

Inflamed areas of the wall of the ileum alternating with thick fibrotic or normal areas

question

How does iron deficiency anemia frequently develop with ulcerative colitis?

answer

Chronic blood loss in stools

question

How does localized peritonitis develop from acute appendicitis before rupture?

answer

Intestinal bacteria escape through the necrotic appendiceal wall

question

What causes hypovolemic shock to develop with intestinal obstruction?

answer

Continued vomiting and fluid shift into the intestine

question

Which type of hepatitis virus requires the presence of hepatitis B virus so as to replicate?

answer

HDV

question

Tears are considered to be part of the:

answer

First line of defense, nonspecific defenses

question

The inflammatory response is a nonspecific response to:

answer

any tissue injury

question

The process of phagocytosis involves the:

answer

ingestion of foreigm material and cell debris by luekocytes.

question

Which of the following statements applies to fever?

answer

it results from release of pyrogens into the circulation

question

Replacement of damaged tissue by similar functional cells is termed:

answer

Regeneration

question

Bacteria that form an irregular cluster of spheres are called:

answer

Staphylococci

question

A bacterial endospore can:

answer

survive high temperatures and a dry environment.

question

Which statement applies to yeasts?

answer

They may cause opportunistic infection in the body.

question

Which of the following is a characteristic of rikettsia?

answer

It is a very small gram-negative intracellular microbe

question

Which of the following is normally considered sterile?

answer

Urine

question

Transmission of microbes by direct contact includes:

answer

sexual intercourse

question

Opportunistic infection may develop when:

answer

an imbalance occurs in the normal resident flora

question

That time in the course of infection when the infected person may experience a headache or fatigue and senses he or she is "coming down with something" is referred to as which of the following?

answer

Prodomal period

question

The "incubation period" refers to the time period between:

answer

entry of the pathogen into the body and the first signs of infectious disease

question

How does penicillin act as a bactericidal agent?

answer

it interferes with cell-wall synthesis

question

Neutrophils:

answer

are phagocytic cells

question

Humoral immunity is mediated by:

answer

B lymphocytes (B cells)

question

A secondary immune response differs from the primarry immune response in that:

answer

it is more rapid than the primary response and results in higher antibody levels.

question

The role of memory cells is to:

answer

recognize the antigen and stimulate the immune response

question

Which of the following causes anaphylaxis?

answer

A severe, systemic allergic reaction

question

Immunodeficiencies may result in an increased risk of infections by normally harmless microorganisims. These infections are referred to as:

answer

Opportunistic

question

Host-versus-graft disease refers to:

answer

Transplant rejection by the recipient's immune system

question

Which of the following statemetns regarding immunoglobulins is TRUE?

answer

They consist of a unique sequence of amino acids.

question

The most common cause of death in patients who have AIDS is:

answer

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

question

Tissue transferred between two genetically identical twins is referred to as a/an:

answer

Isograft

question

Which of the following would be the most likely cause of an iatrogenic disease?

answer

An unwanted effect of a prescribed drug.

question

The best definition of the term prognosis is the:

answer

Predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery from a specific disease

question

A type of cellular adaptation in which there is a decrease in cell size is referred to as:

answer

Atrophy

question

When a group of cells in the body dies, the change is called:

answer

Necrosis

question

The term homeostasis refers to:

answer

maintenance of a stable internal environment

question

Choose the correct proportion of water to body weight to be expected in a healthy male adult's body

answer

60%

question

Insensible fluid loss refers to water lost through:

answer

Perspiration and expiration

question

When the osmotic pressure of the blood is elevated above normal, water would shift from the:

answer

Interstitial compartment into the blood

question

Which of the following is a typical sign of dehydration?

answer

Rough oral mucosa

question

Which of the following is the primary cation in the extracellular fluid?

answer

Sodium

question

Choose the correct effect of increased parathyroid hormone.

answer

Increased absorption of calcium from the digestive tract.

question

Which of the following would be considered normal serum pH?

answer

7.4

question

When many excess hydrogen ions accumulate in the blood, what happens to the serum pH? The pH:

answer

Decreases

question

Which of the following is essential in order to maintain serum pH within normal range?

answer

The ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate ion must be 1:20

question

Which acid-base imbalance results from impaired expiration due to emphysema?

answer

Respiratory acidosis

question

Which two ions are most important for acid-base balance in the body?

answer

Cl- and HCO3-

question

Which of the following are considered to be the toxic effects of a drug?

answer

Serious. possibly life-threatening effects

question

What is the unique, simple, and official name assigned to a specific drug for worldwide use?

answer

Generic name

question

Ingesting a drug with a large meal may be likely to:

answer

prevent gastric irritation

question

At which site are most drugs metabolized and prepared for excretion?

answer

Liver

question

Traditional drug or surgical therapy is incorporated with nontraditional methods by:

answer

Osteopaths

question

After they are metabolized, most drugs are excreted through the:

answer

Kidneys

question

A placebo may be described as a tablet or capsule:

answer

that does not contain an active drug

question

A medical history should include all:

answer

legally prescribed drugs, vitamin or mineral supplements, any medication not requiring a prescription (OTCs), herbal treatments

question

The full course of a prescribed antimicrobial drug should be completed so as to prevent:

answer

development of resistant microbes

question

The impulses related to acute pain are usually transmitted by:

answer

myelinated A delta fibers

question

According to the gate-control theory, passage of pain impulses may be naturally blocked:

answer

At the synapse by entry of other sensory impulses.

question

What is the definition of endorphins?

answer

Opiate-like blocking agents in the CNS

question

What is a common analgesic to control a moderate level of pain?

answer

Codeine

question

What is the role of nocieptors? They are:

answer

pain receptors that are stimulated by thermal, chemical, or physical means.

question

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

answer

young infants typically respond to pain with tachycardia and increased blood pressure

question

Cancer-related pain has been broken down into three basic categories: pain caused by the advance of the disease and resultant damage to the body, pain that is the result of a coexisting disease unrelated to the cancer, and:

answer

pain associated with the treatment of the disease

question

A specific defense for the body is

answer

Sensitized T lymphocytes

question

The inflammatory response is a nonspecific response to:

answer

any tissue injury

question

Edema associated with inflammation results directly from:

answer

increased fluid and protein in the interstitial compartment

question

The term leukocytosis means:

answer

increased white blood cells in the blood

question

A burn area in which the epidermis and part of the dermis is destroyed is classified as:

answer

deep partial-thickness

question

A strict anaerobe requires which specific environment?

answer

the absence of oxygen

question

What method do viruses use to replicate?

answer

Using a host cell to produce and assemble components

question

How do antiviral drugs act?

answer

they reduce the rate of viral replication

question

The principle of Universal Precautions is based on:

answer

assuming that all body fluids from all individuals are possible sources of infection

question

When an infectious disease is occuring globally at a higher rate than usual, it may be designated as a/an:

answer

Pandemic

question

Which type of immunity is provided by a vaccination?

answer

Active artificial

question

Incompatible blood transfusions result in:

answer

hemolysis of erythrocytes

question

Systemic lupus erythematosus is caused by:

answer

immune complex deposits of antinuclear antibodies

question

HIV infection impairs

answer

both humoral and cell-mediated immunity

question

CD4-positive helper T cells function by:

answer

facilitating all immune system activity

question

Which of the following complications does not occur frequently in AIDS patients?

answer

Polyarthritis

question

Which of the following statements regarding immunoglobulins is TRUE?

answer

They consist of a unique sequence of amino acids?

question

Tissue transferred between two genetically identical twins is reffered to as a/an:

answer

Isograft

question

Nerves located in the aortic arch and carotid sinus that sense changes in oxygen content, PH, or carbon dioxide levels in the blood.

answer

Chemoreceptors

question

This is an inherited (genetic) recessive disorder of the Exocrine glands. Causes secretions of thick mucous that blocks the respiratory and GI system. This clogs up the alveoli (poor oxygenation) and GI system (blocks production of pancreatic enzymens so cannot absorb nutrients). Diagnosedd by positive sweat test. Child may have had meconium ileus (small bowel obstruciton) as newborn. May be placed on prophylactic antibiotics.

answer

Cystic fibrosis

question

Slow but progressive infectious disease of the nervous system, caused by a virus-like particle called a prion; causes an invariably fatal deterioration of the CNS. Leads to a form of dementia.

answer

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

question

Is a neoplastic disease of unknown etiology occuring in older adults and involving plasma cells (mature B lymphocytes involved in production of antibodies). An increased number of malignant plasma cells replace the bone marrow and erode the bone. Blood cell production is impaired as well as production of antibodies. Multiple tumors with bone distraction occurs. Hypercalcemia develops as bone is broken down. Treatment includes chemo, analgesics for bone pain, treatment for kidney impairment, and blood transfusions in the late stages.

answer

Multiple Myeloma

question

prolonged diarrhea can cause:

answer

Metabolic acidosis

question

The role of memory cells is to:

answer

Recognize the antigen and stimulate the immune response

question

A systemic sign of disease:

answer

Fever

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