Patho Quiz’s – Flashcards
159 test answers
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answers 159question
What is the basic pathological change with macular degeneration?
answer
Degeneration of the retinal cells in the fovea centralis.
Unlock the answer
question
What does the inner ear contain?
answer
Organ of corti and semicircular canals.
Unlock the answer
question
How does otosclerosis cause hearing loss?
answer
Fixation of the stapes to the oval window.
Unlock the answer
question
Which is the early effect of age-related macular degeneration?
answer
Loss of central visual acuity.
Unlock the answer
question
Loss of the left visual field results from damage to the:
answer
Right occipital lobe.
Unlock the answer
question
An infection that damages the auditory nerve can cause what type of hearing loss?
answer
Sensorineural
Unlock the answer
question
The area providing the greatest visual acuity is the:
answer
Fovea centralis
Unlock the answer
question
The lens and cornea are nourished by:
answer
aqueous humor
Unlock the answer
question
Which term refers to near-sightedness?
answer
Myopia
Unlock the answer
question
The semicircular canals of the inner ear are responsible for:
answer
balance and equilibrium
Unlock the answer
question
Trachoma is indicated by the presense of:
answer
corneal abrasions by the infected eyelids.
Unlock the answer
question
What must happen for the pupil of the eye to dilate?
answer
Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system is required
Unlock the answer
question
Trachoma is an eye infection caused by:
answer
Chlamydia bacteria
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following is a sign of a detached retina?
answer
No pain, development of a dark area in the visual field
Unlock the answer
question
In a case of acute otitis media, what would a purulent discharge in the external canal of the ear and some pain relief likely indicate?
answer
Rupture of the tympanic membrane
Unlock the answer
question
Why does vertigo occur with Meniere's syndrome?
answer
Excessive endolymph impairs the function of hair cells in the labyrinth.
Unlock the answer
question
Which is the early effect of age-related macular degeneration?
answer
loss of central visual acuity
Unlock the answer
question
What kind of control mechanism is indicated when increased blood glucose levels stimulate increased secretion of insulin?
answer
Negative feedback control
Unlock the answer
question
Choose one statement that applies to type 1 DM.
answer
onset often occurs during childhood
Unlock the answer
question
Why does polyuria develop with DM?
answer
Osmotic pressure due to glucose
Unlock the answer
question
What is the cause of diabetic ketoacidosis?
answer
Increased catabolisim of fats and protiens
Unlock the answer
question
Immediate treatment for insulin shock may include:
answer
consumption of fruit juice or candy
Unlock the answer
question
How do many oral hypoglycemic drugs act?
answer
To stimulate the pancreas to promote more insulin
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following hormonal imbalances causes myxedema?
answer
Deficit of T3 and T4
Unlock the answer
question
When highly acidic chyme enters the duodenum, which hormone stimulates the release of pancreatic secretions that contains very high bicarbonate ion content?
answer
Secretin
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following breaks protein down into peptides?
answer
Amylase
Unlock the answer
question
In which structure is oxygenated blood (arterial) mixed with unoxygenated blood (venous) so as to support the functions of the structure?
answer
Liver
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following stimulates increased peristalsis and secretions in the digestive tract?
answer
Vagus nerve
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following is contained in pancreatic exocrine secretions?
answer
Bicarbonate ion
Unlock the answer
question
What is the most common cause of endocrine disorders?
answer
Benign tumor
Unlock the answer
question
What is the cause of ketoacidosis?
answer
Increased catabolism of fats and protiens
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following may cause insulin shock to develop?
answer
strenuous excerise
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following indicated hypoglycemia in a diabetic?
answer
Staggering gait, disorientation, and confusion
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following are signs of diabetic ketoacidosis in an unconscious person?
answer
deep rapid respirations and fruity breath odor
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following cells in the gastric mucosa produce intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid?
answer
Parietal cells
Unlock the answer
question
The visceral peritoneum:
answer
forms the outer covering of the stomach
Unlock the answer
question
Small, hidden amounts of blood in stool are referred to as:
answer
occult blood
Unlock the answer
question
What is the definition of dysphagia?
answer
difficulty in swallowing
Unlock the answer
question
What is a common cause of hiatial hernia?
answer
increased intra-abdominal pressure
Unlock the answer
question
What is a common cause of gastroenteritis due to Salmonella?
answer
Raw or undercooked poultry or eggs
Unlock the answer
question
A patient with acquired pyloric stenosis would likely:
answer
vomit undigested food from previous meals
Unlock the answer
question
What would be the result of chronic bleeding from the gastric carcinoma?
answer
occult blood in the stool and anemia
Unlock the answer
question
Bilirubin is a product of:
answer
hemolysis of RBC's and breakdown of hemoglobin
Unlock the answer
question
What is the major effect when a gallstone obstructs the cystic duct?
answer
severe colicky pain in upper right quadrant
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following applies to hepatitis A infection?
answer
it is transmitted by the fecal-oral route
Unlock the answer
question
What is the most common type of hepatitis transmitted by blood transfusion?
answer
HCV
Unlock the answer
question
What indicates the presence of third-stage alcohol hepatitis?
answer
decreased production of blood clotting factors
Unlock the answer
question
Malnutrition may develop in children with celiac disease because of:
answer
damage to the intestinal villi
Unlock the answer
question
What pain is typical of diverticulitis?
answer
lower left quadrant
Unlock the answer
question
To which site does colon cancer usually first metastasize?
answer
Liver
Unlock the answer
question
Bile pigment gallstones are more common in individuals dealing with:
answer
Alcoholic cirrhosis
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following is the most frequent location of peptic ulcers?
answer
Proximal duodenum
Unlock the answer
question
What does the term melena mean?
answer
blood in a dark-colored stool
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following occurs with hepatitis B?
answer
The liver is inflamed and enlarged.
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following is the primary site for absorption of nutrients?
answer
Ileum
Unlock the answer
question
The presence of food in the intestine stimulates intestinal activity by inhibits gastric activity through the:
answer
Enterogastric reflex
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following statements applies to bile salts?
answer
They emulsify lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins
Unlock the answer
question
The early stage of vomiting causes:
answer
metabolic alkalosis
Unlock the answer
question
Yellow or greenish stained vomitus usually indicates the presence of:
answer
Bile
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following applies to the act of swallowing?
answer
It requires coordination of cranial nerves V, IX, X, and XII
Unlock the answer
question
Oral candidiasis is considered to:
answer
be an opportunistic fungal infection of the mouth
Unlock the answer
question
Why does herpes simplex infection tend to recur?
answer
the virus persists in latent form in sensory nerve ganglia
Unlock the answer
question
What does the term peiodontitis refer to?
answer
Bacterial damage to the teeth and surrounding alveolar bone
Unlock the answer
question
What is a common sign of acute gastritis?
answer
Vomiting and anorexia
Unlock the answer
question
Obstruction of the biliary tract by gallstones is referred to as:
answer
choledocholithiasis
Unlock the answer
question
In patients with cirrhosis, serum ammonia may increase when:
answer
bleeding occurs in the digestive tract
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following is a major cause of primary hepatocellular cancer?
answer
long-term exposure to certain chemicals
Unlock the answer
question
Malnutrition may develop in children with celiac disease because of:
answer
damage to the intestinal villi.
Unlock the answer
question
What are the typical changes occuring with Chron's disease?
answer
Inflamed areas of the wall of the ileum alternating with thick fibrotic or normal areas
Unlock the answer
question
How does iron deficiency anemia frequently develop with ulcerative colitis?
answer
Chronic blood loss in stools
Unlock the answer
question
How does localized peritonitis develop from acute appendicitis before rupture?
answer
Intestinal bacteria escape through the necrotic appendiceal wall
Unlock the answer
question
What causes hypovolemic shock to develop with intestinal obstruction?
answer
Continued vomiting and fluid shift into the intestine
Unlock the answer
question
Which type of hepatitis virus requires the presence of hepatitis B virus so as to replicate?
answer
HDV
Unlock the answer
question
Tears are considered to be part of the:
answer
First line of defense, nonspecific defenses
Unlock the answer
question
The inflammatory response is a nonspecific response to:
answer
any tissue injury
Unlock the answer
question
The process of phagocytosis involves the:
answer
ingestion of foreigm material and cell debris by luekocytes.
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following statements applies to fever?
answer
it results from release of pyrogens into the circulation
Unlock the answer
question
Replacement of damaged tissue by similar functional cells is termed:
answer
Regeneration
Unlock the answer
question
Bacteria that form an irregular cluster of spheres are called:
answer
Staphylococci
Unlock the answer
question
A bacterial endospore can:
answer
survive high temperatures and a dry environment.
Unlock the answer
question
Which statement applies to yeasts?
answer
They may cause opportunistic infection in the body.
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following is a characteristic of rikettsia?
answer
It is a very small gram-negative intracellular microbe
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following is normally considered sterile?
answer
Urine
Unlock the answer
question
Transmission of microbes by direct contact includes:
answer
sexual intercourse
Unlock the answer
question
Opportunistic infection may develop when:
answer
an imbalance occurs in the normal resident flora
Unlock the answer
question
That time in the course of infection when the infected person may experience a headache or fatigue and senses he or she is "coming down with something" is referred to as which of the following?
answer
Prodomal period
Unlock the answer
question
The "incubation period" refers to the time period between:
answer
entry of the pathogen into the body and the first signs of infectious disease
Unlock the answer
question
How does penicillin act as a bactericidal agent?
answer
it interferes with cell-wall synthesis
Unlock the answer
question
Neutrophils:
answer
are phagocytic cells
Unlock the answer
question
Humoral immunity is mediated by:
answer
B lymphocytes (B cells)
Unlock the answer
question
A secondary immune response differs from the primarry immune response in that:
answer
it is more rapid than the primary response and results in higher antibody levels.
Unlock the answer
question
The role of memory cells is to:
answer
recognize the antigen and stimulate the immune response
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following causes anaphylaxis?
answer
A severe, systemic allergic reaction
Unlock the answer
question
Immunodeficiencies may result in an increased risk of infections by normally harmless microorganisims. These infections are referred to as:
answer
Opportunistic
Unlock the answer
question
Host-versus-graft disease refers to:
answer
Transplant rejection by the recipient's immune system
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following statemetns regarding immunoglobulins is TRUE?
answer
They consist of a unique sequence of amino acids.
Unlock the answer
question
The most common cause of death in patients who have AIDS is:
answer
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
Unlock the answer
question
Tissue transferred between two genetically identical twins is referred to as a/an:
answer
Isograft
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following would be the most likely cause of an iatrogenic disease?
answer
An unwanted effect of a prescribed drug.
Unlock the answer
question
The best definition of the term prognosis is the:
answer
Predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery from a specific disease
Unlock the answer
question
A type of cellular adaptation in which there is a decrease in cell size is referred to as:
answer
Atrophy
Unlock the answer
question
When a group of cells in the body dies, the change is called:
answer
Necrosis
Unlock the answer
question
The term homeostasis refers to:
answer
maintenance of a stable internal environment
Unlock the answer
question
Choose the correct proportion of water to body weight to be expected in a healthy male adult's body
answer
60%
Unlock the answer
question
Insensible fluid loss refers to water lost through:
answer
Perspiration and expiration
Unlock the answer
question
When the osmotic pressure of the blood is elevated above normal, water would shift from the:
answer
Interstitial compartment into the blood
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following is a typical sign of dehydration?
answer
Rough oral mucosa
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following is the primary cation in the extracellular fluid?
answer
Sodium
Unlock the answer
question
Choose the correct effect of increased parathyroid hormone.
answer
Increased absorption of calcium from the digestive tract.
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following would be considered normal serum pH?
answer
7.4
Unlock the answer
question
When many excess hydrogen ions accumulate in the blood, what happens to the serum pH? The pH:
answer
Decreases
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following is essential in order to maintain serum pH within normal range?
answer
The ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate ion must be 1:20
Unlock the answer
question
Which acid-base imbalance results from impaired expiration due to emphysema?
answer
Respiratory acidosis
Unlock the answer
question
Which two ions are most important for acid-base balance in the body?
answer
Cl- and HCO3-
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following are considered to be the toxic effects of a drug?
answer
Serious. possibly life-threatening effects
Unlock the answer
question
What is the unique, simple, and official name assigned to a specific drug for worldwide use?
answer
Generic name
Unlock the answer
question
Ingesting a drug with a large meal may be likely to:
answer
prevent gastric irritation
Unlock the answer
question
At which site are most drugs metabolized and prepared for excretion?
answer
Liver
Unlock the answer
question
Traditional drug or surgical therapy is incorporated with nontraditional methods by:
answer
Osteopaths
Unlock the answer
question
After they are metabolized, most drugs are excreted through the:
answer
Kidneys
Unlock the answer
question
A placebo may be described as a tablet or capsule:
answer
that does not contain an active drug
Unlock the answer
question
A medical history should include all:
answer
legally prescribed drugs, vitamin or mineral supplements, any medication not requiring a prescription (OTCs), herbal treatments
Unlock the answer
question
The full course of a prescribed antimicrobial drug should be completed so as to prevent:
answer
development of resistant microbes
Unlock the answer
question
The impulses related to acute pain are usually transmitted by:
answer
myelinated A delta fibers
Unlock the answer
question
According to the gate-control theory, passage of pain impulses may be naturally blocked:
answer
At the synapse by entry of other sensory impulses.
Unlock the answer
question
What is the definition of endorphins?
answer
Opiate-like blocking agents in the CNS
Unlock the answer
question
What is a common analgesic to control a moderate level of pain?
answer
Codeine
Unlock the answer
question
What is the role of nocieptors? They are:
answer
pain receptors that are stimulated by thermal, chemical, or physical means.
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
answer
young infants typically respond to pain with tachycardia and increased blood pressure
Unlock the answer
question
Cancer-related pain has been broken down into three basic categories: pain caused by the advance of the disease and resultant damage to the body, pain that is the result of a coexisting disease unrelated to the cancer, and:
answer
pain associated with the treatment of the disease
Unlock the answer
question
A specific defense for the body is
answer
Sensitized T lymphocytes
Unlock the answer
question
The inflammatory response is a nonspecific response to:
answer
any tissue injury
Unlock the answer
question
Edema associated with inflammation results directly from:
answer
increased fluid and protein in the interstitial compartment
Unlock the answer
question
The term leukocytosis means:
answer
increased white blood cells in the blood
Unlock the answer
question
A burn area in which the epidermis and part of the dermis is destroyed is classified as:
answer
deep partial-thickness
Unlock the answer
question
A strict anaerobe requires which specific environment?
answer
the absence of oxygen
Unlock the answer
question
What method do viruses use to replicate?
answer
Using a host cell to produce and assemble components
Unlock the answer
question
How do antiviral drugs act?
answer
they reduce the rate of viral replication
Unlock the answer
question
The principle of Universal Precautions is based on:
answer
assuming that all body fluids from all individuals are possible sources of infection
Unlock the answer
question
When an infectious disease is occuring globally at a higher rate than usual, it may be designated as a/an:
answer
Pandemic
Unlock the answer
question
Which type of immunity is provided by a vaccination?
answer
Active artificial
Unlock the answer
question
Incompatible blood transfusions result in:
answer
hemolysis of erythrocytes
Unlock the answer
question
Systemic lupus erythematosus is caused by:
answer
immune complex deposits of antinuclear antibodies
Unlock the answer
question
HIV infection impairs
answer
both humoral and cell-mediated immunity
Unlock the answer
question
CD4-positive helper T cells function by:
answer
facilitating all immune system activity
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following complications does not occur frequently in AIDS patients?
answer
Polyarthritis
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following statements regarding immunoglobulins is TRUE?
answer
They consist of a unique sequence of amino acids?
Unlock the answer
question
Tissue transferred between two genetically identical twins is reffered to as a/an:
answer
Isograft
Unlock the answer
question
Nerves located in the aortic arch and carotid sinus that sense changes in oxygen content, PH, or carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
answer
Chemoreceptors
Unlock the answer
question
This is an inherited (genetic) recessive disorder of the Exocrine glands. Causes secretions of thick mucous that blocks the respiratory and GI system. This clogs up the alveoli (poor oxygenation) and GI system (blocks production of pancreatic enzymens so cannot absorb nutrients). Diagnosedd by positive sweat test. Child may have had meconium ileus (small bowel obstruciton) as newborn. May be placed on prophylactic antibiotics.
answer
Cystic fibrosis
Unlock the answer
question
Slow but progressive infectious disease of the nervous system, caused by a virus-like particle called a prion; causes an invariably fatal deterioration of the CNS. Leads to a form of dementia.
answer
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Unlock the answer
question
Is a neoplastic disease of unknown etiology occuring in older adults and involving plasma cells (mature B lymphocytes involved in production of antibodies). An increased number of malignant plasma cells replace the bone marrow and erode the bone. Blood cell production is impaired as well as production of antibodies. Multiple tumors with bone distraction occurs. Hypercalcemia develops as bone is broken down. Treatment includes chemo, analgesics for bone pain, treatment for kidney impairment, and blood transfusions in the late stages.
answer
Multiple Myeloma
Unlock the answer
question
prolonged diarrhea can cause:
answer
Metabolic acidosis
Unlock the answer
question
The role of memory cells is to:
answer
Recognize the antigen and stimulate the immune response
Unlock the answer
question
A systemic sign of disease:
answer
Fever
Unlock the answer
