question

Which of the following are common early significant signs of acute prostatitis?

answer

soft, tender, enlarged gland and dysuria

question

Which of the following applies to benign prostatic hypertrophy?

answer

manifestations include hesitancy, dribbling, and frequency

question

Why does frequency occur with benign prostatic hypertrophy?

answer

incomplete emptying of the bladder

question

Which of the following is the common first site for metastasis from prostatic cancer?

answer

bone

question

What is a useful serum marker during treatment for prostatic cancer?

answer

prostate-specific antigen

question

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of leukorrhea during the reproductive years?

answer

it does not contain any cells

question

Which of the following applies to the corpus luteum?

answer

It secretes estrogen and progesterone during the last half of the menstrual cycle.

question

Why does severe pain occur with each menstrual cycle in endometriosis?

answer

inflammation around ectopic endometrial tissue

question

With pelvic inflammatory disease, why does infection spread easily into the peritoneal cavity?

answer

The fallopian tubes are obstructed, and purulent exudate cannot drain into the uterus.

question

Which of the following is a common complication of leiomyomas?

answer

abnormal bleeding such as menorrhagia

question

Which of the following refers to fibrocystic breast disease?

answer

progressive development of fluid-filled cysts and fibrous tissue

question

Which of the following applies to carcinoma of the breast?

answer

Tumor cells may demonstrate estrogen receptors on the membrane.

question

Which is considered to be the stage of carcinoma in situ in cervical cancer?

answer

noninvasive severe dysplasia

question

What is a major predisposing factor to cervical cancer?

answer

infection with HPV

question

What is a significant early sign of endometrial carcinoma?

answer

minor vaginal bleeding or spotting

question

Which is/are sexually transmitted infection(s) usually considered asymptomatic in women?

answer

a. chlamydia b. gonorrhea c. syphilis d. *all of the above*

question

Which of the following causes inflammation of the vagina with a copious yellow discharge and foul odor?

answer

trichomoniasis

question

What is the cause of syphilis?

answer

an anaerobic spirochete

question

Which of the following infections may be transmitted from the mother to the fetus during delivery?

answer

a. gonorrhea b. chlamydia c. herpes simplex d. syphilis e. *all of the above*

question

Which of the following STDs is considered to be a systemic infection?

answer

syphilis

question

Which of the following is the most common cause of acute bacterial prostatitis?

answer

E. coli

question

Benign prostatic hypertrophy usually progresses to prostatic cancer.

answer

False

question

A hard nodule in the peripheral area of the prostate gland is typical of:

answer

a malignant tumor

question

How do testicular tumors usually present?

answer

hard, painless unilateral mass

question

Which term refers to bleeding between menstrual periods?

answer

metrorrhagia

question

Which statement does NOT apply to vaginal candidiasis?

answer

It is classified as an STD.

question

Testicular cancer usually spreads first to the:

answer

pelvic lymph nodes

question

When the uterus is located in the vagina with the cervix at the opening to the vagina, this is called:

answer

second degree prolapse

question

Painful menstruation is called:

answer

dysmenorrhea

question

Vaginal candidiasis is frequently predisposed by:

answer

systemic antibacterial therapy

question

A chancre is best described as:

answer

a firm painless ulcerated nodule

question

Adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation may be used in cases of breast cancer in order to:

answer

destroy any micrometastases

question

Ovarian cancer has a poor prognosis because:

answer

vague signs and hidden location lead to late diagnosis

question

Specific genetic links have been shown for: 1. cervical cancer 2. *testicular cancer* 3. *breast cancer* 4. *prostatic cancer*

answer

2, 3, 4

question

In which cancers has there been a recent significant increase in incidence?

answer

cervical cancer in situ

question

Adenocarcinomas make up the most common cancers found in the:

answer

prostate

question

Infertility in women may result from:

answer

a. endometriosis b. hormonal imbalances c. *a and b* d. neither a nor b

question

Viable sperm may not be able to access an ovum when:

answer

a. cervical mucus is highly viscous b. vaginal pH is abnormal c. structural abnormalities are present d. b, c e. *a, b, c*

question

Neoplasms

answer

Neoplasms

question

What is a benign neoplasm originating from adipose tissue called?

answer

Lipoma

question

What are malignant neoplasms arising from connective tissue cells called?

answer

Sarcomas

question

Which of the following is a characteristic of a benign tumor?

answer

Cells appear relatively normal.

question

Which factor provides the basis for grading of newly diagnosed malignant tumors?

answer

degree of differentiation of the cells

question

A warning sign of possible cancer would be any of the following

answer

sudden development of fever, nausea, and diarrhea

question

The common local effects of an expanding tumor mass include: 1. *obstruction of a tube or duct* 2. anemia and weight loss 3. *cell necrosis and ulceration* 4. tumor markers in the circulation

answer

1, 3

question

Which of the following does *paraneoplastic syndrome* refer to?

answer

The effects of substances such as hormones secreted by the tumor cells

question

Which term refers to the spread of malignant cells through blood and lymph to distant sites?

answer

Metastasis

question

One reason for staging a malignant tumor at the time of diagnosis is to:

answer

Determine the best treatment and the prognosis

question

The process of carcinogenesis usually begins with:

answer

an irreversible change in the cell DNA

question

What would be an external source of ionizing radiation?

answer

gamma rays delivered by a cobalt machine

question

Radiation therapy destroys:

answer

primarily rapidly dividing cells

question

The most critical adverse effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy are:

answer

thrombocytopenia and leucopenia

question

Chemotherapy usually involves a combination of drugs in order to: 1. *reduce the adverse effects* 2. guarantee that all cancer cells are destroyed 3. *be effective in more phases of the cell cycle* 4. totally block the mitotic stage

answer

1, 3

question

Why does ovarian cancer have a poor prognosis?

answer

Specific signs rarely appear until after secondary tumors have developed.

question

Select the correct pair representing a malignant tumor and its marker:

answer

colon cancer: carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

question

Antiangiogenesis drugs act on a malignant tumor by:

answer

reducing blood flow and nutrient supply to tumor cells

question

The development of neutropenia during chemotherapy for cancer means:

answer

the patient is at high risk for infection

question

Malignant brain tumors:

answer

spread to other parts of CNS

question

Identify the common dose-limiting factor for chemotherapy:

answer

bone marrow depression

question

Glucocorticoids are often prescribed during a course of chemotherapy and radiation because:

answer

inflammation around the tumor may be reduced

question

Vomiting frequently follows a chemotherapy treatment because:

answer

a. the gastrointestinal tract is irritated b. the chemicals stimulate the emetic center c. the drugs have an unpleasant odor d. *a, b* e. a, c

question

What type of normal cells are often damaged during chemotherapy and radiation treatments?

answer

epithelial cells

question

Remission for cancer is generally defined as a period in which:

answer

signs and symptoms are absent

question

All of the following are correct statements about skin cancers EXCEPT:

answer

They are difficult to diagnose and treat.

question

High risk factors for cancer include: 1. human papilloma virus 2. chronic irritation and inflammation 3. repeated sun exposure 4. high family incidence

answer

1, 2, 3, 4

question

The term apoptosis refers to:

answer

programmed cell death

question

The warning signs for cancer include:

answer

a. unusual bleeding b. change in bowel habits c. change in a wart or mole (e.g., color) d. a new solid lump, often painless e. *all the above are warning signs*.

question

A classification process that applies to a specific malignant tumor and describes the extent of the disease at a given time is called:

answer

staging

question

Benign tumors can often be differentiated from malignant tumors because benign tumors:

answer

are encapsulated and slow-growing

question

Benign tumors in the brain are often life-threatening because they:

answer

They create excessive pressure within the skull

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