Path P3 Tr – Flashcards
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75. Which of the following statements is/are TRUE about oncogenes? • They allow cells to grow autonomously • They represent proto-oncogenes that have become mutated and constantly "turned on" • They require loss of both alleles to cause neoplastic transformation • All of the above • A and B only
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A and B only
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86. Which of the following statements is/are TRUE about paraneoplastic syndromes? • they may be the first presentation of cancer in a patient • they may be characterized by ectopic hormone production • they are seen in about 10% of malignancies • all of the above
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all of the above
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The malignant neoplasm that most commonly produces abnomral amounts of horomones such as PTH and ACTH to cause the 'paraneoplastic syndrome' is: a) pancreatic carcinoma b) small cell lung carcinoma c) renal cell carcinoma d) chondrosarcoma e) gastric adenocarcinoma
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*b) small cell lung carcinoma
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A 35 year old woman had a firm nodul palpable on the dome of th uterus six years ago recorded on routine physical examination. The nodule has slowly increased in size and now appears to be about one and one half times the size it was when it was first discovered. By ultrasound scan it is solid and circumscribed. She remains asymptomatic. Which of the following neoplasms is she most likely to have? a) adenocarcinoma b) matastatis c) leiomyoma d) leiomyosarcoma e) hematoma
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c) leiomyoma
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The following five are examples of malignant neoplasms. Choose the odd one out (the one that has the least in common with the others). a) rhabdomyosarcoma b) squamous cell carcinoma c) chondrosarcoma d) osteosarcoma e) fibrosarcoma
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b) squamous cell carcinoma
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Carcinoma of which of the following organs has the lowest survival rate? a) colon b) breast c) skin d) pancreas e) prostate
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d) pancreas
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An oral pathologist is examing the histologic features of a biopsy of oral leukoplakia. Which of the following would be the most important criterion of malignancy in the specimen? a) papillary overgrowth of epithelium with loss of a regular surface pattern b) increased mitotic activity of the epithelial components of the lesion c) invasion below the epithelial basement membrane by anaplastic tissue d) the presence of multiple leukoplakia lesions e) hyperchromatism and disorientation of the cells comprising the thickened epithelium
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c) invasion below the epithelial basement membrane by anaplastic tissue
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Review of a series of surgical pathology reports indicates that a certain type of neoplasm is diagnosed as grade 1 on a scale of 1-4. Clinically, some of the patients with this neoplasm are found to have stage 1 disease. Which one of the following is the best description of a neoplasm with this designation? a) mesenchymal origin b) not malignant c) has an in situ component d) arising from epithelium e) well-differentiated and localized
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e) well-differentiated and localized
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The lesions of xerodermia pigmentosum results from an abnormal response to: a) UV radiation b) radon c) HPV d) HTLV-1 e) cyclic hydrocarbons
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a) UV radiation
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A 12cm cystic mass containing hair, secreting, sebaceous glands, teeth, thyroid, and nerve tissue is removed from the right ovary of a 39 year old white female. This is an example of a: a) hamartoma b) choristoma c) mixed tumor d) teratoma e) fibroadenoma
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d) teratoma
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A 26 year old female patient has several osteomas of the jaws, multiple supernumerary teeth with impactions, and skin sebaceous cysts. Her medical history indicates multiple colonic polyps. All of her siblings and her father are similarly affected. The chief principle concern as a threat to life is the future development of: a) neurofibrosarcoma b) osteosarcoma c) adenocarinoma of the colon d) oral squamous cell carcinoma e) basal cell carcinoma
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no answer given
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Which of the following neoplasms has the most definitite familial tendency? a) osteosarcoma b) carcinoma of the pancreas c) bronchogenic carcinoma d) carcinoma of the prostate e) multiple colonic polyps
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e) multiple colonic polyps
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A 48 year old woman goes to her doctor for a routine exam. A 2 cm diameter non-tender mass is palpated in her right breast. The mass appears fixed in her chest wall. Another 2 cm non-tender mass is palpable in the right axilla. A chest x-ray reveals multiple .5 to 2 cm nodules in both lungs. Which of the following classifications best indicates the stage of her disease? a) T1 N1 M0 b) T1 N0 M0 c) T2 N1 M0 d) T3 N0 M1 e) T4 N1 M1
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e) T4 N1 M1
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The undifferentiated, pleomorphic cells found in malignant are described as: a) aplastic b) hypoplastic c) hyperplastic d) dysplastic e) anaplastic
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e) anaplastic
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A 69 year old man has advanced lung cancer. He is experiencing a progressive loss of body fat and lean muscle mass as well as well as extreme weakness and and loss of appetite. These changes are characteristic of: a) cachexia b) kwashiorkor c) immunosuppression d) anorexia nervosa e) increased metabolic requirements of the malignancy
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a) cachexia
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Which of the following is considered to be neoplastic: a) leukiemia b) choristoma c) granuloma d) hematoma e) teratoma
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a) leukiemia
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Following an abnormal pap smear, a 34 year old woman has a cervical biopsy. This demonstrated marked hyperchromatism and increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio of the epithelial cells. These changes involved the full thickness of the epithelium but did not penetrate the basement membrane. These changes are best described as: a) mild dysplasia b) carcinoma in situ c) metaplasia d) hyperplasia e) desmoplasia
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b) carcinoma in situ
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The tissue of origin of rhabdomyomas is: a) lymphoid b) epithelial c) mixed d) mesenchymal e) malignant
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d) mesenchymal
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Which of the following cancers is most common? a) bronchogenic carcinoma b) basal cell carcinoma c) squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the cervix d) adenocarcinoma of the colon e) adenocarcinoma of the breast
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b) basal cell carcinoma
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A bronchial biopsy of a 44 year old 2 ppd cigarette smoker shows squamous epithelium lining the epithelial surface. This is an example of: a) dysplasia b) neoplasia c)metaplasia d) hyperplasia e) anaplasia
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c)metaplasia
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A 16 month old child is found to have a focus of normal bone in her tongue. This is an example of a: a) embryonal tumor b) harmatoma c) choristoma d) mixed tumor e) teratoma
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c) choristoma
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Which of the following is a benign epithelial neoplasm? a) dysplasia b) hamartoma c) teratoma d) lymphoma e) adenoma
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e) adenoma
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23 yo with erythematous rash in malar regions of face. Check for which of the following antibodies
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Anti-double stranded DNA.
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Patient breakout in hives and difficulty breathing after eating kiwi...what's going on?
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IgE mediated release of vaso active amines from mast cells
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Which is pre-malignant?
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Dysplasia
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Myasthenia gravis is classified as what type of hypersensivity?
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Type II
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SLE causes tissue damage in kidney due to Type III hypersensitivity by which mechanism?
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Immune complex-mediated reaction (the question was something like that)
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A leioma is a benign neoplasm of?
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smooth muscle
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. Which of these organs is MOST sensitive to the effects of ionizing radiation? • GI tract • Thyroid • Skin • Lung
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Thyroid
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69. Which of these terms accurately describes a malignant neoplasm of fibrous connective tissue?
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Fibrosarcoma
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70. A benign mass of cells and tissues that are normally present within an organ but lack the proper organization is called a:
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Hamartoma
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71. The extent to which neoplastic cells resemble the normal cells in the tissue of origin is called:
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Differentiation
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72. Which of these is the most reliable feature used to distinguish benign and malignant neoplasms?
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Metastasis
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73. Compared to sarcomas, carcinomas:
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Are more common
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74. All cells within a neoplasm are identical.
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False
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76. Which of these is an oncogene involved in signal transduction when bound to GTP?
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RAS
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77. According to Knudson's "two-hit" hypothesis, sporadic retinoblastoma requires somatic mutation of both RB gene alleles in the same retinal cell.
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True
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78. Genes that promote cancer indirectly when a mutation inactivates then are called:
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Tumor suppressor genes
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79. Inherited germline mutation of p53 characterizes:
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Li-Fraumeni syndrome
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80. The limitless proliferative capacity of cancer cells is facilitated by:
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Telomerase
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81. Direct-acting chemical carcinogens:
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Are mutagenic and tend to target oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes
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82. Which of the following is responsible for inducing most skin cancers?
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UVB rays
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83. Chronic pancreatitis, Hepatitis B virus, and Helicobacter pylori all promote tumorigenesis predominantly by:
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Chronic inflammation
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84. Which of the following oncogenic viruses is linked to an increased risk of developing cervical and oropharyngeal cancers?
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Human papillomavirus (HPV)
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85. Progressive loss of body fat and lean mass that occurs in cancer patients is known as
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Cachexia
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87. The TNM system is a commonly-utilized method for determining:
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the stage of a tumor
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88. Which type of cancer causes more deaths in the U.S. than any other individual type?
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Lung
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A patient presents with a chief complaint of significant xerostomia and enlargement of the parotid glands. Blood studies show the presence of anti-SS-A antibodies. Which of the following conditions would most likely be this patient's diagnosis?
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Sjogren syndrome
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A 23 year old female presents with an erythematous rash involving the malar regions of the face. The rash is worse after she has been exposed to sunlight. She also complains of joint pain. For which of the following autoantibodies should this patient be evaluated?
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Anti-double stranded DNA
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A female denture patient presents with difficulty placing or removing her prostheses. Upon examination, it appears that the skin of her face has lost elasticity and feels somewhat hard. When further questioned, she states that swallowing food has become progressively difficult. She also describes symptoms consistent with Raynaud's phenomenon. What is the primary diagnostic consideration of this patient?
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Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)
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Which of the following is an example of a benign neoplasm of epithelium origin
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A. Papilloma
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What is the defining characteristic that distinguishes a neoplasm from an active inflammatory overgrowth
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a. autonomous growth
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Which of the following is most likely to metastasis
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a. malignant melanoma
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A. 56 year old woman noticed a lump in her left breast one month ago. The mass is hard and seems to be attached to the chest wall. Several 2-3cm lumps are present in the left axilla. At the time of biopsy, the surgeon discovers a 4cm hard poorly defined mass in breast. The most likely diagnosis is:
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a. Carcinoma
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Leiomyomas arise from:
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a. smooth muscle
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Adenocarcinomas arise from:
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a. glandular epithelium
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A neoplasm composed of all 3 germ layers:
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a. Teratoma
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Among the following, which is the most common site of metastasis of malignant tumors?
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a. Lung
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The undifferentiated pleiomorphic cells found in many malignant neoplasms are described by the word:
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a. Anaplastic
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Which single manifestation of neoplastic growth is the most certain evidence that it is malignant?
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a. It metastasizes
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69 year old man has advanced lung cancer. He is experiencing a progressive loss of body fat and lean muscle mass. As well as extreme weakness, loss of appetite. These changes are characteristic of?
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a. Cachexia
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Neoplasm of the ovary which contains teeth and hair presents a form of?
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a. Teratoma
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A fibro adenoma of the breast is an example of
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a. Neoplasia
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Adenomas arise from?
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a. glandular epithelium
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Which of the following neoplasms typically produce lymph node metastasis?
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a. Carcinoma
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At the autopsy of a 34 year old accident victim. The incidental finding is a well circumscribed round mass in the liver, it was composed of cords of liver cells with sinusoids and bile ducts in a disorderly pattern which represents essentially a focal overgrowth of the normal liver tissue. The best classification for this mass represents?
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a. Hamartoma.
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A tissue of origin of Rhabdomyomas is
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a. Mesenchymal
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Which of the following is NOT including in the staging of oral cell carcinoma?
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a. Histologic grade
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Which of the following neoplasms has the most definite familial tendency?
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a. Multiple colonic polyps
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Definitive diagnosis of a malignant neoplasm is usually made by a:
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a. Biopsy
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A 23 year old female with erythrymitus rash involving the malar regions of the face. The rash was worse after she was exposed to sunlight and she complains of joint pain. For which of the following antibodies should she be evaluated?
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a. anti-SM (anti-Smith)
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Grading of malignant neoplasms is based on
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a. Degree of microscopic anaplasia
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A patient presents with a chief complaint of significant xerostomia and enlargement of the parotid glands. Blood studies show the presence of anti-SS-A antibodies. Which of the following conditions would most likely be the diagnosis?
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a. Sjogren's syndrome
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Which of the following hypersensitivity types may result in granuloma formation?
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a. Type IV hypersensitivity
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A middle-aged man comes to your clinic with a slowly progressive and swollen lateral neck... What's he got?
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Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
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What is the most common breast cancer found in young females?
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a. Fibroadenoma
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-A middle aged female presents with a recent history of oral ulcerations. She describes the presence of 'blisters' that rupture and become exceedingly painful. Further questioning reveals significants eye irritation, leading to the the discovery of adhesions between the inner surface of the lid and eye. Which o the following conditions are these symptoms most consistent with? a) Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) b) Cicatricial pemphigoid c) Lichen planus d) Pemphigus vulgaris
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b) Cicatricial pemphigoid
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Cancer immunology is an important aspect of our defense system. Which of the following cell types does NOT require sensitization and is the 'primary defense' against tumor cells? a) B-cells b) cytotoxic T-cells c) plasma cells d) natural killer cells
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d) natural killer cells
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A type II hypersensitivity reaction against the desmosomal complex is a charcteristic of which of the following diseases? a) pemphigus vulgaris b) sjogren syndrome c) cicatricial pemphigoid d) systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)
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a) pemphigus vulgaris
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A patient present with a chief complaint of significant xerostomia and enlargement of the parotid glands. Blood test shows presence of anti-SS abs, which of the following conditions would most likely be the diagnosis?
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Sjogren's syndrome
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23 yo female presents with an arithmetic rash involving the malar region of the face the rash is worse after she has been exposed to sunlight. She also complains of joint pain, for which of the following autoantibodies should this patient be evaluated?
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Anti ds DNA
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A microscopic description of bronchial epithelium, describes the presence of stratified squamous cells as increased number of normal mitotic figures, generalized destruction, nuclear epithelial layer, nuclear hyperchromatism, and an intact basement membrane?
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Squamous metaplasia with dysplasia
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Which is never a characteristic of benign tumors?
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Metastasis
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What is true regarding malignant tumors?
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The degree of anaplasia tends to parallel the degree of malignancy
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Myomyoma and Rhabdomyoma both arise from?
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muscle
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A benign neoplasm example is a?
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Papilloma
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By definition, carcinomas are cancers of the?
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epithelium
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The process of grading and staging cancer is to?
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Assess the aggressiveness and to determine the degree of malignancy of the cancer
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Which of the following is true?
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Staging is a 5 tier system used to evaluate the extent of spread to regional lymph nodes and the presence or absence of metastasis.
