Paper 3 – IB History HL
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When was the Battle of Gettysburg fought?
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1st-3rd July 1863.
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How was Robert E. Lee prepared for the Battle of Gettysburg?
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His army had just had success in Virginia in May 1863, the morale was high and Lee hoped to influence Northern politicians to give up their desire to continue the war by reaching as far as Pennsylvania or even Philadelphia.
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Name 5 reasons why the Battle of Gettysburg was significant.
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It was the turning point of the war. The location of the Battle was significant, but accidental. The battle involved the largest number of casualties of the entire war. Heroism and Drama. Lincoln's Gettysburg address.
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When was Lincoln's Gettysburg Address?
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19th November 1863.
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What did Lincoln's Gettysburg Address involve?
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Lincoln used this speech to provide a justification for the war.
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How many soldiers came together at the Battle of Gettysburg in total?
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170,000
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How many casualties were there for the Union and for the Confederacy?
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25,000 - Union 28,000 - Confederacy
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Why is Gettysburg known as the turning point of the war?
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Robert E. Lee's plan of invading the North and forcing the war to end had failed - had built up resources specifically to threaten cities and eventually reach Washington D.C. Serious defeat for the Confederacy and Lee's invincibility was broken so morale was boosted in the North. For the rest of the war, Lee was on the strategic defensive, forced into the war of attrition he feared and eventually cornered in an unwinnable siege around Richmond.
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What are the arguments AGAINST Gettysburg being the turning point of the war?
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If Lee had won, he could not have held a single Northern city for any length of time and would ultimately have had to retreat. Also, the defeat at Gettysburg did not make Confederate defeat inevitable. The battle was not decisive because Meade, despite Lincoln's urgings, was unable to follow up his victory.
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What did Lee say as a result of losing the Battle of Gettysburg?
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\"The army did all it could. I fear I required of it impossibilities.\"
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When was Simon Bolivar born/died?
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1783-1830
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Where was he born?
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Venezuela.
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What was Bolivar inspired by?
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The works of the Enlightenment and became a convinced republican.
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What was the Enlightenment?
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A philosophical movement in Europe that stressed the importance of reason in analysing and investigating.
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What year did Bolivar's first attempt at independence for Venezuela take place?
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1810
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What did Bolivar write to explain the reasons for Venezuelan failure in December 1812?
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'Cartagena Manifesto'
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What two factors did Bolivar believe to be crucial in successfully achieving independence?
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Unity and Centralisation.
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After few successes and failures in trying to reach Venezuelan Independence, what did Bolivar do in December 1815?
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He moved to Haiti with Haitian support (in return for promising to abolish slavery),where he established a base of operations in the Eastern Plains.
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What year did Bolivar become president of Gran Colombia?
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1819
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Why did Bolivar want to become president of Gran Colombia?
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In order to liberate Gran Columbia, Peru and Bolivia.
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What had happened by 1825?
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Spanish America was liberated.
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What was the Bolivar's aim after 1825?
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Reconstruction, which posed more problems for Bolivar than the process of liberation.
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What did Bolivar do in 1828?
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He called for a constitutional convention at Ocana, hoping to introduce a stronger, more centralist model of government, similar to the Bolivian Constitution. However, it failed to reach an agreement, so Bolivar proclaimed himself dictator in August 1828.
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What happened as a result of Bolivar proclaiming himself as dictator in August 1828?
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He suffered increased anger amongst his political opponents such as assassination attempts, war against Peru in 1828-1829, and dealt with a series of uprisings in Gran Colombia.
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What did Venezuela do in late 1829?
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They seceded from the Gran Colombian federation, as well as Ecuador in May 1830.
