OTA 111 midterm – Flashcards

A health and welness profession using occupational as

1. Aging in place- helping older adults live independently in their own homes. Services may include; home modification, consultation, energy conservation, education, and remediation. Home safety, support systems, social interaction. 2. Driver assessments and training programs- assessments, improve abilities, or make adaptations to vehicles. 3. Community health and wellness- develop community programs to improve/maintain health. Integrate people with disabilities into the community. Improve quality of life for a variety of community members/groups. 4. Needs of children and youth- development of programs addressing childhood obesity, early intervention, education services, after-school programs. 5. Ergonomics consulting- promote safety, efficiency and comfort at work to prevent work-related musculoskeletal injury. 6. Technology and assistive-device developing and consulting- helps individuals with disabilities in areas such as communication, computer access, daily living, education and learning, hearing and listening, mobility and transportation, recreation and leisure, seating and position, vision and reading, and prosthetics and orthotics. OT determines which device helps the client perform his/her daily occupations

Doctoral level, Occupational Therapist, Occupational Therapy Assistant, Occupational Therapy Aide

Activities... of everyday life, named, organized, and given value and meaning by individuals and a culture. Occupation is everything people do to occupy themselves, including looking after themselves... enjoying life... and contributing to the social and economic fabric of their communities

mental state in which a person performing an activity is fully immersed in a feeling of energized focus, full involvement and enjoyment in the process of the activity

The Centennial Vision is a commitment to return to the roots of the profession: OCCUPATION. This means that practitioners should engage in occupation based practice, focusing on helping clients re-engage in occupations (rather than specific component skills.) This approach is proven effective by scientific research.

1. Lifelong learning. 2. Critical analysis of research (Evidence-based practice). OTs will need to provide proof of the benefits of their work. 3. Participatory research for faculty. 4. Global emphasis.

A humanistic treatment for people with mental illness

Held the belief that "using one's hands to make items connected people to their work, physically and mentally, thus was healthier.

Eleanor Clarke Slagle

William Rush Dunton, Jr.,MD

Dunton was interested in the potential of healing his patients through purposeful activities

Philosophy that emphasizes the value of humans

•Recognition that with proper care and rehabilitation individuals with disabilities could be independent and contributing members of the society. •Rehabilitation OT was primarily technical - exercise, prosthetics, orthopedics and ADLS, medical model •Little connection to theory

concerns the meaning of human life and the significance of man's world

1. Guide the practitioner's actions 2. Helps define the nature of existence of the profession in responding to the needs of the population served 3. Helps practitioners substantiate the reason for existence 4. Foundation for the profession's theories, models, frames of reference and intervention approaches

Seeks to explain the nature of being or reality

The study of nature of truth/knowledge. how do we know things. how do we know what we know?

Seeks to explain the nature of values and types of values. what is beautiful and desirable?

The standards/rules of right conduct as described in the OT the Code of Ethics.

i.e. client treated as a person, not an object

1) Altruism (unselfish concern for the welfare of others, dedication, caring, commitment, responsiveness) 2) Equality (respect differences & treat all individuals equally) 3) Freedom (right to exercise choice, initiative, independence and self-direction, and the need to balance autonomy with societal membership) 4) Justice (abide by laws that govern practice and legal rights of the client, fairness, equity, truthfulness, objectivity 5) Dignity (honoring the inherent worth and uniqueness of each individual, an attitude of empathy and respect for self and others) 6) Truthfulness (accuracy, accountability, honesty and competence, forthright, authentic in attitudes and actions) 7) Prudence (the ability to exercise sound judgment, care and discretion, judiciousness, vigilance, moderation, circumspection in the management of one's affairs.)

1) Beneficence (concern for the well-being and safety of the client) 2) Nonmaleficence (do no harm) 3) Autonomy (respect the right of the individual to self-determination, privacy, confidentiality and consent.) 4) Justice (promote fairness and objectivity in the provision of OT services) 5) Veracity (provide comprehensive, accurate and objective information when representing the profession) 6) Fidelity (treat clients, colleagues and other professionals with respect, fairness, discretion and integrity)

are specific strategies selected to: direct the process of evaluation and intervention planning, selection, and implementation on basis of the client's desired outcomes, evaluation data, and evidence. Approaches inform the selection of practice models, frames of references, or treatment theories.

*create, promote ( health promotion) *establish, restore ( remediation, restoration) *maintain *modify ( compensation, adaptation) *prevent ( disability, prevention) cases related to approach to intervention: ...create, promote: Steph's case. the parents was instructed to correctly use the bowl. ...establish, restore: Steph's case. adapt because the bowl works and compensation because the baby gave mom time to relax plus the baby was more calm. ...maintain: Page's case. walk a few steps. The OT wants to keep that improvement. Preserve capability - strengthen neck muscles. ...modify: Steph's case. Put wedge under neck to lift head/support neck. Bowl modified plus position- posture. ....prevent: Steph's case: Bowl created to prevent further damage.

Infancy and early childhood: birth - 6 walk, solid foods, talk, control eliminations, relate emotionally to others, distinguish right from wrong Middle childhood: 6-12 physical skills for ordinary games, wholesome attitudes to oneself, get along with peers, social roles, concepts for everyday living, develop conscience, personal independence Adolescence: 12-20 new and more mature peer relations of both sexes, accepting oneself, emotional independence, selecting and preparing for an occupation, socially responsible behavior Early or Young adulthood: 20-40 selecting mate, starting a family, rearing children, managing a home, taking on civic responsibility, finding congenial social group Middle age: 40-65 achieving civic and social responsibility, assisting teen children to becoming happy adults, adjusting to aging parents later maturity: over 65 adjusting to decreasing physical strength, retirement, death of spouse, establish satisfactory physical living

-disability: arthrogryposis -age: 47 -normal developmental for someone at her age: social responsibility -Pam limited in her ability to keep/secure full time job that would allow her to pay all of her bills without government assistance.

-disability: stroke now she is legally blind possible due by anorexia disorder age: 38 -normal developmental for someone at her age: select and establish a career. - Erin can't get a job because her disability. i.e. legally blind.

-disability: Lafora diseases -age: 22 -normal development at his age: socialize with peers. -Mathew's disability prohibited from engaging in snowboarding with friends and family.

1- administration: refers to the system organization + management a) private b) non-private 2-levels of care: define the type of service and length of time a client receives services a) acute b) sub-acute c) long term 3-areas of practice: relate to the types of conditions that the settings serves. a) biological ( medical) b) psychological c) sociological ( social)

*Public Agencies: Operated by federal, state, or county government. Examples of federal agencies: veteran's hospitals, public health hospitals Examples of state agencies: correctional facilities, mental health centers, medical school hospitals, and their clinics Examples of county agencies: hospitals, clinics, rehab centers. County-run facilities must follow different rules and regulations than federal or state agencies, which may affect their employment or method of reimbursement. *Private Not-for-Profit Agencies: Agencies receive tax-exemptions and charge a fee for services and maintain a balanced budget. Examples of Private Not-for-Profits: religiously affiliated hospitals/ clinics, private teaching hospitals, and organizations like Easter Seals *Private For-Profit Agencies: owned and operated by group of investors who are in business to turn a profit provide wide range of services, which makes it easier for them to find investors many are large for-profit corporations that own multi-facility systems which allows high volume purchasing and lower costs, and create advantage in developing contracts with third party payers (insurance companies that provide health coverage) to deliver health services. Example Genesis Health Care. Google- Genesis offers a variety of services in approximately 450 centers across 30 states. In addition to our Short- Stay and Long-term care services, we offer Memory Support, orthopedic rehabilitation, ventilator care, dialysis care and Assisted/Senior Living services in a variety of centers near you.

1. Acute Care- sudden, short-term need for service The system provides an incentive for hospitals and physicians to reduce costs and to discharge clients from the hospital as soon as possible. decrease in the number of OT practitioners because the cost. 2. Subacute Care - interim level of care where client needs care, but not the intensive or specialized services of the acute care hospital level. These facilities typically serve clients for 1-4 weeks after acute care and may be beds designated as subacute inside the hospital, in SNFs or in free-standing subacute care facilities. Rehabilitation services including OT are a major component of subacute care. 3. Long-term Care - serves clients who are medically stable but who have a chronic condition requiring services over time, potentially throughout life. skilled nursing or extended care facility, residential care facility, client's home, etc. Note skilled nursing facilities often have a mix of subacute and long term care beds.

Areas of Practice 1. Biological Health Care Practice (medical problems caused by disease, disorder or trauma) OT's role to address biological issues like loss of capacity & sense, limitations in development and growth, limitation in movement, pain, damage to body systems &/or neuromuscular disorders. 2. Psychological Health Care Practice- problems such as emotional, cognitive, & affective or personality disorders. Problems may be caused by inability to cope with stress, biochemical imbalance, disease or a combination of developmental and environmental factors. OT's role to address psychological problems that affect thinking, memory, attention, emotional control, judgment, or self-concept. 3. Sociological Health Care Practice- problems from developmental or physical disability, developmental delay, intellectual disability, or long-term emotional problems. OT's role to address lack of ability to care for one's own needs, lack/ loss of life skills, poor interpersonal skills, failure to adapt, lack of capacity for independent functioning, improper or detrimental behavior patterns

refers to anyone who works in an OT department - including practitioners, support staff and OT and OTA students

refers to initially certified (NBCOT) or state licensed OTR's & COTA's.

doctoral level, occupational therapy, occupational therapy assistance and occupational aides.

Ph. D. Doctorate of Philosophy: •Purpose is to generate research, produce new knowledge •Requires minimally 3-5 years post (after) Masters. This level requires a dissertation. •Practitioners may earn doctorate in another field. (For instance Ed. D., Sc. D.)

(OT) OTR once NBCOT certified/registered) - also called Professional level. •Master's degree in OT from a program that is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Occupational Therapy Education (ACOTE), a body of the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA). •May be an entry level Master's (MS/MA/MOT) - first complete an undergraduate degree (baccalaureate) in a related field, then 2 years in OT; or .Advanced Masters (MS or MA) - baccalaureate in OT, then specialize in a practice area •Prior to 2007 minimal entry level for OT's was a Baccalaureate degree. Individuals with Bachelor's degree in OT are "grandfathered in." •As of 2015 the required entry-level degree to become an OT became either a Masters or a doctoral degree. •In 2017 the required entry-level degree to become an OT will be a doctoral degree. •Students must successfully complete all educational experiences and a minimum of 6 months (24 weeks) supervised level 2 fieldwork, graduate from an ACOTE accredited OT program to be eligible to sit for "the boards" (the NBCOT exam for the OT). •Pass the national entry level exam for the occupational therapist administered by the National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy (NBCOT)

(OTA; COTA once NBCOT certified) - Also called Technical level. •Associate degree from an ACOTE accredited program or certificate programs (US Army.) •In 2013 an associate degree from an ACOTE accredited program became the minimal entry level for an OTA. •As of 2015 the entry level for the OTA became either the Associate or Baccalaureate level. •By 2017 the entry level for the OTA will be the Baccalaureate level. •Successfully complete all educational experiences, a minimum of 4 months (16 weeks) supervised fieldwork, graduate from an ACOTE accredited OTA program to be eligible to sit for "the boards" •Pass the National Certification Exam for the Occupational Therapy Assistant administered by (NBCOT)

- no standardized educational requirements, trained on the job to assist with routine procedures, no clinical decision making is allowed. Any client-related tasks that are delegated to an aide require direct supervision of an OT practitioner. OT education (as compared to OTA education) is more in-depth and more theoretically based in the professional content and core curriculum (for example more in-depth study of biomedical and behavioral sciences such as kinesiology, physiology, psychology and neuroscience.) OT practice (as compared to OTA practice) is more focused on evaluation, interpretation, intervention planning, program management and research; whereas OTA practice is more focused on direct patient treatment under the supervision of the OT.

Graduates of American ACOTE accredited OT and OTA programs who have successfully completed fieldwork, (and meet certain criminal and INS standards) may take the national certification exam for the OT or OTA. An individual with a criminal record may not be allowed to take the test. Students with criminal records are advised to contact the state licensing agency and NBCOT before pursuing a degree. The test is administered by a contracted testing agency. The designations Registered Occupational Therapist (OTR) and Certified Occupational Therapy Assistant (COTA) denote that the individual has passed the NBCOT exam and maintains current standing with NBCOT. OTR and COTA are registered trademarks of NBCOT.

. An individual must apply for licensure as an OTA or OT with the state in which he/she wishes to practice. Most states require licensure, and all states accept successful completion of the NBCOT exam as a requirement for state licensure. Some states request additional information and/or other documentation. The designations Occupational Therapist/Registered Licensed (OTR/L) and Certified Occupational Therapy Assistant/Licensed (COTA/L) denote that the individual is licensed in the state and maintains current standing with the state regulatory body. The state of MA stopped using the designation /L and C this year. Both licensure and certification require regular renewals as long as an individual is practicing. Renewal requirements vary from state to state and usually involve continuing professional education, but do not require further written examinations after the initial certification exam.

Board of Allied Health

is regulated by the RI Department of Health Board of Occupational Therapy