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Diversity in abilities and characteristics (intelligence, personality, etc.) among students at a particular age and within a particular gender or cultural group.

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Individual Differences

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Practice of individualizing instructional methods and possibly also individualizing specific content and instructional goals to align with each student's existing knowledge, skills, and needs.

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Differentiated Instruction

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Ability to apply prior knowledge and experience flexibly to accomplish challenging new tasks.

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Intelligence

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Theoretical general factor in intelligence that influences one's ability to learn and perform in a wide variety of contexts.

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g

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Ability to acquire knowledge quickly and adapt effectively to new situations.

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Fluid Intelligence

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Knowledge and skills accumulated from prior experience, schooling, and culture.

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Crystallized Intelligence

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Enhancement of thinking through the use of physical objects and technology, concepts and symbols of one's culture, and/or social collaboration and support.

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Distributed Intelligence

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General measure of current level of cognitive functioning; often used to predict academic achievement in the short run.

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Intelligence Test

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Score on an intelligence test, determined by comparing a person's performance with that of others in the same age-group.

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IQ Score

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Characteristic way in which a learner tends to think about a task and process new information; typically comes into play automatically rather than by choice.

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Cognitive Style

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General inclination and desire to approach and think about learning and problem-solving tasks in a particular way; typically has a motivational component in addition to cognitive components.

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Disposition

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Students different enough from their peers that they require specially adapted instructional materials and practices to maximize their learning and achievement.

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Students with Special Needs

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Practice of educating all students, including those with severe and multiple disabilities, in neighborhood schools and general education classrooms.

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Inclusion

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U.S. federal legislation granting educational rights from birth until age 21 for people with cognitive, emotional, or physical disabilities.

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Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

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Most typical and standard educational environment that can reasonably meet the needs of a student with a disability.

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Least Restrictive Environment

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Written description of an appropriate instructional program for a student with special needs.

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Individualized Educational Program (IEP)

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Any electronic or non electronic device that can enhance certain abilities or performance areas for students with disabilities.

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Assistive Technology

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Approach to diagnosing a cognitive impairment in which students are identified for in-depth assessment after failing to master certain basic skills despite both whole-class and remedial small-group instruction that research has shown to be effective for most students.

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Response to Intervention (RTI)

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Language usage in which a student's disability is identified after the student is named.

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People-first Language

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Deficiencies in one or more specific cognitive processes but not in overall cognitive functioning.

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Learning Disability

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Disorder marked by inattention, hyperactivity, impulsive behavior, or some combination of these characteristics.

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Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

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Impairment in spoken language or language comprehension that significantly interfere with classroom performance.

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Speech and Communication Disorders

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Emotional states and behavior patterns that consistently and significantly disrupt academic learning and performance.

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Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

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Symptoms of an emotional or behavioral disorder that has a direct effect on other people (e.g. aggression, lack of self-control).

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Externalizing Behavior

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Symptoms of an emotional or behavioral disorder that adversely affects the student with the disorder but has little or no direct effect on other people (e.g. depression, social withdrawal).

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Internalizing Behavior

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Disorders marked by impairment social cognition, social skills, and social interactions, presumably due to a brain abnormality; extreme forms often associated with significant cognitive and linguistic delays and highly unusual behaviors.

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Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Mild form of an autism spectrum disorder in which students have normal intelligence and language skills but show significant deficits in social cognition and social skills.

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Asperger Syndrome

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Disability characterized by significantly below-average general intelligence and deficits in adaptive behavior, both of which first appear in infancy or childhood; also known as mental retardation.

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Intellectual Disability

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Behavior related to daily living skills or appropriate conduct in social situations; used as a criterion for identifying students with intellectual disabilities.

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Adaptive Behavior

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Combination of two or more disabilities that, taken together, require significant classroom adaptations and highly specialized educational services.

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Severe and Multiple Disabilities

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General physical or medical condition that interferes so significantly with school performance that special accommodations are required.

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Physical and Health Impairment

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Malfunction of the eyes or optic nerves that prevents normal vision even with corrective lenses.

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Visual Impairment

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Malfunction of the ears or associated nerves that interferes with perception of sound within the frequency range pf normal human speech.

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Hearing Loss

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Usually high ability or aptitude in one or more areas, to such a degree that students require special educational services to help them meet their fell potential.

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Giftedness

Ormrod Educational Psychology Ch. 5 – Flashcards

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