Organic Chemistry I Lab Practical – Flashcards
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Emulsion
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A fine dispersion of minute droplets of one liquid in another in which it is not soluble or miscible.
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Miscible
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Forming a homogenous mixture when added together.
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Vacuum filtration
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Buchner Funnel is used in...
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Liquid to liquid extractions to separate the components of a mixture into two immiscible solvent phases of different densities.
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Separatory Funnel is used in...
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Refluxing
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Condensor is used for...
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Fractional distillation in which vapor pressure passes upward and condensing liquid flows downward.
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Fractionating Column is used for...
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Distilling
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Distillation Head is used for...
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Claisen Adapter
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Converts one opening into two
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Vacuum Filtration
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Vacuum(filter) Flask is used in...
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Reflux
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Boil or to cause to boil in circumstances such that the vapor returns to the solution of liquid after condensing.
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Sublimation
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The transition of a substance directly from the SOLID to GAS phase without passing through the intermediate liquid phase.
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Extraction
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The separation of a compound from a mixture by using a solvent in which the compound is more soluble
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Volatile
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Easily evaporated at normal temperature
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Vapor Pressure
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A measure of the tendency of particles to leave the phase they are in.
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Theoretical Plates
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A measure of column efficiency.
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Aezotrope
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A mixture of liquids where the vapor pressure has the same composition of the liquid mixture.
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Boiling Point Temperature
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The temperature at which the vapor pressure equals the prevailing pressure.
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Eutectic Plate
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The composition at which a melt is completely saturated with impurities
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Crystallization
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A chemical solid-liquid separation technique in which mass transfer of a solute from the liquid solution to pure solid crystalline phase occurs .
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Distillation
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The separation of the components of a solution based on differences in V.P(B.P)
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Distillate
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Something formed by distillation is termed a ...
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Chromatography
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A method used to separate and identify(quantify) the components of a mixture
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Gas Chromatography
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Chromatography employing a gas as the moving carrier medium.
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Gas Liquid Partition Chromatography
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What is the full name for Gas Chromatography?
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Salting out Effect
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Adding a salt to water to decrease the water solubility of an organic compound
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Ionic compounds
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Slow evaporation rate HIGHEST Boiling Point HIGHEST Melting Point LOWEST Vapor Pressure and Evaporation Rate
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Dispersion
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Fast evaporation rate LOWEST Boiling Point LOWEST Melting Point HIGHEST Vapor Pressure and Evaporation Rate
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ROOR
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General Structure of a Peroxide
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They are a fire hazard, explosive, toxic, and form explosive peroxides, extremely flammable.
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Why are ethers dangerous?
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They are explosive, and they are shock and heat sensitive
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Why are peroxides dangerous?
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Impurities cause the melting point to deviate from the accepted value.
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What is the relationship between a melting point and a melting point range and the purity of a compound.
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Ionic Bond
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Metal to a Non-metal
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H Bond
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H bonded to an N,F,O ;Highly Polarized
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At melting point they have the same vapor pressure
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What is the relationship between the vapor pressure of a solid and liquid at the melting point?
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They are excluded because they would not have the correct size,shape, or IMF
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Why are impurities excluded from a growing crystal?
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Add charcoal and filter out charcoal is how you decolorize an organic compound
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How do you decolorize an organic compound?
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Simple Distillation
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What is the best distillation technique when separating two substances with wildly different boiling points (change in BP greater than 100) ?
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Fractional Distillation
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What is the best distillation technique when separating two substance with similar boiling points (change in BP is less than 100)?
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Tubing, Stationary Phase, Carrier Gas
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What are the 3 main components of a GC?
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It is a liquid/low melting solid
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What describes the stationary phase used in a GC?
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Helium
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What is the most commonly used carrier gas in a GC?
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Column length, Flow Rate, Composition of Stationary Phase, Low boiling point compounds travel fastest
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What factors affect separation in a GC?
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Immiscible with the 1st place, Quickly dissolves the substance to be extracted, Low BP, Not reactive with the solute or other solvent
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What are the 4 properties of a good extraction solvent?
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Solid/Liquid Liquid/Liquid Acid/Base
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What are the 3 main types of extraction?
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Shake ether with saturated NaCl, Shake ether with Anhydrous CaCl2
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What are the 2 steps used to dry ether after an extraction?
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Basic solutions
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Organic bases would be soluble in...
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Acidic Solutions
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Organic acids would be soluble in...
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1) Will dissolve solute when hot, NOT cold. 2) Will dissolve impurities very well, or NOT at all. 3) Will NOT react with solute/ must be inert. 4) Very volatile (evaporates easily). 5) Will be safe and inexpensive.
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What are the 5 qualities of a good crystallizing solvent?
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Choose a solvent, Dissolve the solute, Decolorize the solution with activated charcoal, Filter out solid impurities, Crystallize the solute, Collect Crystals, Dry product
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What are the 7 steps of crystallization?
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S
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General shape of the graph of temperature of vapor pressure versus volume of distillate with good separation is ____ shaped
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Rising from zero
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General shape of the graph of temperature of vapor pressure versus volume of distillate with poor separation is constantly...
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There would be no effect
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Describe the effect that an insoluble impurity would have on the observed melting point
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The non-volatile solutes will give a lower VP
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What is the relationship between the vapor pressure of a pure solvent and the vapor pressure of a solution containing a nonvolatile solute?
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Solids have a greater vapor pressure and the solution it is in is not pure
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In terms of vapor pressure, why does a pure solid substance melt when placed in solution even though the solution is at the freezing point of the pure substance?
