Organic Chemistry First Test – Flashcards
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| Covalent bonds: |
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| bonds that are formed from the sharing of 2 electrons and the overlap of orbitals. |
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| What is a hetero-atomic bond? |
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| -An unequal sharing of the electrons can occur to provide polar covalent bonds. -Unequal electron distribution about a molecule results in a dipole moment. |
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| What is a Formal Charge? |
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| The charge of an atom within a Lewis Structure (basically what is the difference in number of e- for a free atom vs. the atom in a structure). Formal charge= [group #] - [nonbonding atoms] - 1/2 [shared electrons] |
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| What type of molecules are usually Ionic? |
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| Acids and Bases |
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| What is Resonance? |
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| The actual structure. -Only e- can be transfered. |
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| What is the 's' orbital defined as? |
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| a standing wave (trident) that simply vibrates up (+) and down (-). |
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| What is the 'p' orbital defined as? |
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| a standing wave (trident) that is separated by a node and the two halves vibrates up (+) and down (-) out of phase. |
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| Molecular Orbitals (overlapping) |
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| Two atomic orbitals overlap to form two molecular orbitals: 1) Bonding molecular orbital (lower energy) – Which we will discuss 99.9% of time 2) Nonbonding molecular orbital (higher energy) |
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| What is sigma bonding? |
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| -Electron density is centered directly between nuclei -These are single bonds or the first bond of a multiple bond |
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| What is pi bonding? |
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| -Results from the overlap between two p oribtals with electron density above and below bond axis -These are the 2nd or 3rd bonds of a multiple bond -‘Sideways overlap’ |
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| What are the General Rules of Hybridization? |
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| 1. Both sigma bonding e- and lone pair e- can occupy hybrid orbitals. – The number of hybrid orbitals is computed by adding the number of sigma bonds to the number of lone pair e- on the atom. 2. Use the hybridization and geometry to provide the largest amount of space for the e-. – sp (2 areas of e- density; 180o; Linear) – sp2 (3 areas of e- density; 120o ; Trigonal) – sp3 (4 areas of e- density; 109.5o ; Tetrahedral) 3. If 2 or 3 pairs of e- form multiple bonds, the first of the bonds is a sigma bond, formed by the overlap of a hybrid orbital; the 2nd and 3rd bonds are pi bonds and come from the overlap of unhybridized p orbitals. |
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| What does Polarizability do? |
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| It tends to increase with molecular weight and also depends on molecular arrangements (isomers). |
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| What are Dipolar Forces? |
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| attractive force that exists between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of the other. |
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| What is Hydrogen bonding? |
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| attractive dipolar forces between molecules in which hydrogen atoms are covalently bonded to very electronegative elements (O, N or F). |
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| How does one define a `general alkane`? |
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| -ALL SINGLE BONDS |
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| What's the name of the alkane that only contains 1 carbon? |
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| methane |
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| What's the name of the alkane that only contains 2 carbons? |
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| Ethane |
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| What's the name of the alkane that only contains 3 carbons? |
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| propane |
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| What's the name of the alkane that only contains 4 carbons? |
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| butane |
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| What's the name of the alkane that only contains 5 carbons? |
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| pentane |
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| What's the name of the alkane that only contains 6 carbons? |
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| hexane |
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| What's the name of the alkane that only contains 7 carbons? |
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| heptane |
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| What's the name of the alkane that only contains 8 carbons? |
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| octane |
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| What's the name of the alkane that only contains 9 carbons? |
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| nonane |
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| What's the name of the alkane that only contains 10 carbons? |
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| decane |
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| First Rule of IUPAC |
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| Determine the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms in molecule. -This is the base name (i.e. hexane, pentane, butane, etc.) -When two choices are available, choose the main chain with the highest number of substituents. |
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| Second Rule of IUPAC |
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| Number the carbon atoms in the longest chain, beginning with the end of the chain nearest a substituent. |
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| Third Rule of IUPAC |
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| Any substituent connected to the longest chain is named as the alkyl (-ane -> -yl) group and the location of this substituent is provided by the number of the carbon on the main chain it is connected to. • This is the name for the branch (i.e. hexyl, pentyl, butyl, etc.) |
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| Forth Rule of IUPAC |
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| When two or more substituents are present, list them in alphabetical order. When two or more of the same alkyl substituents are present, use the prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, etc. to avoid having the same alkyl group twice. |
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| What are the two conformations of Alkanes? What are the three positions they can be in? |
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| - Sawhorse Structure & Newman Structure -Eclipsed, Straggered, or Skewed |
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| What is the most stable conformation for cyclohexane? |
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| the `chair` form |
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| What is a`Resonance HYBRID`? |
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| A single Lewis Structure that cannot completely describe a compound. |
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| What is the `Major Contributing Structure`? |
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| The structure that is the lowest in Energy , filled octets, and least formal charge/ |
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| What is an Arrhenius Acid/Base? |
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| Acid- substance that provides H+ Base- substance that provides OH- |
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| What is a Bronstead-Lowry Acid/Base? |
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| Acid- a species that can donate a proton (H+) Base- a species that can accept a proton (H+) |
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| pH=? [H+]=? |
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| pH=-log[H+] [H+]=10^-pH |
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| When discussing Acid Strength, the "___" the pKa, the "___" the acid. |
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| When discussing Acid Strength, the "LOWER" the pKa, the "STRONGER" the acid. |
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| Ka=? |
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| Ka=[H+][A-]/[HA] |
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| What are the three factors that are used to predict Acid Strength? |
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| 1) Electronegativity 2) Anion Size 3) Resonance |
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| Define Lewis Acids/Bases. |
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| Acids- accepts e- pairs to form bonds. Bases- donates e- pairs to form bonds. |
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| What is an `Electrophile`? |
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| Lewis Acid- "lover of e-" |
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| What is a `Nucleophile`? |
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| Lewis Base- "Lover of the Nucleus" |
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| What are Isomers? |
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| different compounds that can be formed with the molecular formula. |
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| What is a Steroisomer? |
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| isomers that differ only in the arrangement of atoms in space. |
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| Define Solubility. |
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| "Likes Dissolve Likes" |
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| What are `Alkenes`? |
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| -CONTAIN DOUBLE BONDS |
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| What are `Alkynes`? |
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| -TRIPLE BONDS |
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| What are `Aromatics`? |
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| hydrocarbons with very stable bonding. |
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