question

Why study Microbiology?

answer

Although very small, microbes play significant roles in our lives.
-We have, living on and in our bodies [e.x. skin and in our mouths and intestional tract] approx. 10 times as many microbes as the total number of cells. It has been estimated that perhaps as many as 5,000 to 1,000 different spcies of microbes live on and in us. -these are known as INDIGENOUS MICROFLORA or INDIGENOUS MICROBIOTA and for the most part they benefit us.
-Other reasons listed below:
>Some of the microbes that colonize [inhabit] our bodies are known as OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGENS
>Microbes are essential for life on this plant as know it because some microbes produce PHOTOSYNTHESIS
[note: microbes contribute more oxygen to our atmosphere than do plants.]
>Many microbes are invovled in the decomposition of dead organisms and the waste profucts of living organims. Collectively, they are referred to as DECOMPOSERS or SAPROPHYTES
>Some micrboes are capable of decomposing industrial wastes [oil spills, for example] - thus, we can use microbes- genetically engineered microbes, in some cases- to clean up after ourselves. The use of microbes in this manner is referred to as BIOREMEDIATION
>MICROBIAL ECOLOGY
>Microbes serve as important links in food chains.
>Some microbes live in the intestional tracts of animals, where they aid in the digestion of food, and in some cases, produce substances that are of value to the host - [e.x. the E.coli bacteria that live in humans intestional tract produce vitamins K and B1]
>BIOTECHNOLOGY
>Microbes cause two dieases -INFECTIOUS DIEASE AND MICROBIAL INTOXICATION

question

Define: Opportunistic Pathogens

answer

Do NOT cause diease under ordinary conditions, but have the potential to cause disease should the opportunity present itself.

question

Define: Microbial Ecology

answer

Study of the interrelationships among microbes and the world around them [other microbes, other living organims, and the nonliving environment] ex. nitrogen cycle

question

Define: Biotechnology - give an example

answer

The use of living organims or their derivatives to make or modify products or processes
e.x. Some bacteria and fungi produce antibiotics that are used to treat patients with infectious diseases. By defintion, and ANTIBIOTIC is a substance produced by a microbe that is effective in killing or inhibiting the growth of other microbes - the use of microbes in the antibiotic industry is an example of biotechnology.

question

What is the difference between an INFECTIOUS DIEASE and a MICROBIAL INTOXICATION? Which one causes more illnesses and death?

answer

An INFECTIOUS DIEASE results when a pathogen colonizes the body and subsequently causes diease while a MICROBIAL INTOXICATION results when a person ingests a toxin [poisonous substance] that has been produced by a microbe
[note:] of the two categories, infectious diseases cause far more illnesses and deaths.

question

Define: Koch's Postulates

answer

A series of scientific steps, proposed by Robert Koch, that must be fulfilled to prove that a specific microorgansims is the cause of a particular diease.

question

List the 4 Koch's Postulates

answer

1. A particular microbe must be found in all cases of the diease and must not be present in healthy animals or humans.
2. The microbe must be isolated from the dieased animal or human and grown in pure culture in the lab.
3. The same diease must be produced when the microbes from the pure culture are imcoluted into healthy susceptible laboratory animals.
4. The same microbe must be recovered from the experimentally infected animals and grown into pure culture.

question

The sizes of bacteria and protoza are usually expressed in terms of _______?

answer

Micrometers [um]

question

"Spherical bacterium" [coccus; pl cocci] are approx __________ in diameter?

answer

1um

question

A typical "rod-shaped bacterium"[bacillus; pl., bacilli] is about ________?

answer

1 um wide X 3 um long
[note: although som bacilli are shorter and some from very long filaments.

question

The size of most "virsus" are expressed in terms of _______?

answer

Nanometers [nm]
[note] most of the virsus that cause human diease range in size from ~ 10 to 300 nm [0.01-0.3 um] although some such as Ebola virus [a cause of hemorrhagic fever] can be as long as 1,000nm [1um]. Some very large protozoa reach a length of 2,000 um [2mm]

question

In the microbiology laboratory, the sizes of cellular microbes are measured using an

answer

OCULAR MICROMETER

question

Microorgansims--->
-Cellular
-Acellular

answer

-Acellular:
>Viroids
>Prisons
>Viruses

-Cellular:
>Procaryotes:
---Archaea
---Bacteria
---Cyanobacteria
>Eucaryotes
---Algae
---Protozoa
---Fungi

question

What is the structural difference b/t Procaryotic and Eucaryotic cells

answer

-Eucaryotic cells contain a TRUE NUCLEUS, where as procaryotic cells do not.
-Eucaryotic cells are broken down into plant [all plant, fungi, and algae] and animal cells [all animals and protozoa] - animal cells do NOT have a CELL WALL, where as plant cells have a simple cell wall [containing cellulose- a polysaccharide].
-Procaryotic cells have complex CELL WALLS [containing proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides]
and can do photosynthesis [chlorophyll]
Eucaryotic cells - Membranous structures [e.x. ER and Golgi complexes], Ribosome [80S], Chromosomes [containing DNA and proteins], Flagella and cilia [when present, have a complex structure]

Procaryotic cells- no membranous structures other than a cell wall, no nuclear membrane, cytoplasmic ribosome [70S], chromosomes [composed of DNA alone], flagella and cilia [when present, flagella have a simple twisted protein structure, NO CILIA IN PROCARYOTIC CELLS, can do photosynthesis [chlorophyll]

question

Acellular Microbes: Viruses
What are complete virus particles called?

answer

Virons

question

Acellular Microbes: Viruses
How do we observe Viruses?

answer

They are observed using electron microscope

question

Acellular Microbes: Viruses
Most viruses range in size from _____ to _______ nm. Although some- like Ebola virus, can be up to _____um.

answer

10 to 300; 1

question

Acellular Microbes: Viruses
The viruses that infect bacteria are known as ?

answer

Bacteriophages [or simply phages]

question

Bacteriophages can be categorized by the events that occur after invasion of the bacterial cell: some are _________ phages while others are _______ phages

answer

Virulent, temperate

question

Acellular Microbes: Viruses
Define : Virulent bacteriophage

answer

A bacteriophage that regularly causes lysis of the bacteria it infects; causes the lytic cycle to occur [which results in destruction of the cell]

question

Acellular Microbes: Viruses
List the steps in the Lytic cycle

answer

1. Attachment -the phage attaches to a protein or polysaccharide molecule [receptor] on the surface of the bacterial cell
2. Penetration - the phage injects the DNA into the bacterial cell; the capsid remains on the outer surface of the cell
3. Biosynthesis - phage genes are expressed, resulting in the production of phage pieces or parts [i.e. phage DNA and phage proteins]
4. Assembly - the phage pieces are assembled to create complete phages
5. Release - the complete phage escape from the bacterial cell by lysis of the cell

question

Acellular Microbes: Viruses
Define: Temperate bacteriophage

answer

A bacteriophage whose genome incorporates into and replicates with the genome of the host bacterium; also known as LYSOGENIC BACTERIOPHAGE

-unlike virulent bacteriophages, temperate bacteriophages do not immediately initiate the lytic cycle. Their DNA can remain integrated into the host cell's chromosome for generation after generation

question

Acellular Microbes: Viruses
Are viruses considered to be alive?

answer

Because they are not composed of cells, viruses are not considered to be living organisms. They are referred to as acellular microbes or infectious particles

question

Acellular Microbes: Viruses
Viruses are said to have 5 specific properties that distinguish them from living cells

answer

1. The vast majority of viruses either possess DNA or RNA, unlike living cells that possess both
2. They are unable to replicate [multiply] on their own
3.Unlike cells, they do not divide by binary fission, mitosis, or meiosis
4. They lack the genes and enzymes for energy production
5. They depend on ribosomes, enzymes, and metabolites "building blocks" of the host cell for protein and nucleic acid production

question

The simplest of human viruses consists of nothing more than _________ surrounded by a protein coat [the capsid -which is composed of small protein units called capsomeres] plus to enclosed ______ are referred to as the __________

answer

Nucleic acid, nucleic acid, nucleocapsid

question

Defind Viroids.

answer

Viroids consist of short, naked fragments of single-stranded RNA that can interfere with with the metabolism of plant cells and stunt the growth of plants, sometimes killing the plants

-Small circular, naked RNA
-Smallest known pathogens
-Viroids are infectious RNA molecules that cause a variety of plant disease. ****

question

Define : Prions

answer

Prions are infectious protein molecules that cause a variety of animal and human diseases.

question

Study table 4-16 page 54

answer

question

Differences between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria

answer

-Gram- positive:
>blue/purple
>thick peptidoglycan in cell walls
>teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids in cell walls
>NO lipopolysaccharide in cell walls

-Gram-negative:
>Pink/red
>Thin layer of peptidoglycan
> NO teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acids in cell walls
> Lipopolysaccharide in cell walls

question

Algae and protozoa are referred to as __________ because they are in the kingdom Protista

answer

protists

question

Define:Algea and give characteristics

answer

Eucaryotic, photosynthetic organisms that range in size from unicellular to multicellular; includes many seaweeds.

All algal cells consists of cytoplasm, a cell wall [usually], a cell membrane, a nucleus, plastids, ribosomes, mitochondria, and Golgi bodies.
>in addition some contain pellicle [thicken cell membrane], a stigma [light sensing organelle, known as an eye spot] and flagella.

note: Contain chlorophyll
Oxygenic photosynthesis

-although not plants - more closely plantlike than protozoa --ALGAE LACK TRUE ROOTS, STEMS, AND LEAVES

question

Define: Protozoa and give characteristics

answer

Eucaryotic microorganisms frequently found in water and soil [ free-living] some are pathogens; usually unicellular

all possess a variety of eucaryotic structures and organelles, including cell membranes, nuclei, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, centrioles, and food vacuoles

PROTOZOA HAVE NO CHLOROPHYLL AND THEREFORE CANNOT MAKE IT'S OWN FOOD BY PHOTOSYNTHESIS.

question

Define: Fungi and give characteristics

answer

Eucaryotic, nonphotosynthetic microorganisms that can be either saprophytic or parasitic

Fungi are found almost everywhere on earth; some [the saprophytic fungi] living on organic matter in water and soil, and others [parasitic fungi] living on and within animals and plants.

NOT PHOTOSYNTHETIC; HAVE NO CHLOROPHYLL OR OTHER PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS

question

Define: The Central Dogma
define and name who proposed it

answer

The flow of genetic information within a cell; from DNA to an mRNA molecule to a protein molecule

Francis Crick 1957

question

The Central Dogma [also known as the "one geneone protein hypothesis'] states that: [hint: 2 things]

answer

1. The genetic information contained in one gene of a DNA molecule is used to make one molecule of mRNA by a process known as TRANSCRIPTION

2. The genetic information in that mRNA molecule is then used to make one protein by a process known as TRANSLATION

question

Define: phototrophs

answer

organisms that use light as an energy source

question

Define: Chemotrophs

answer

organims that use inorganic or organic chemicals as an energy source

question

Note: Chemotrophs use either inorganic or organic chemicals and can be subdivided into two categories
>chemolithotrophs
>chemorganotrophs

answer

>Chemolithotrophs [or simply lithotrophs] : are organisms that use inorganic chemicals as an energy source

>Chemoorganotrophs [or simply organotrophs] are organims that use organic chemicals as an energy source

question

Define: Autotrophs

answer

organisms that use C02 as a carbon source

question

Define: Heterotrophs

answer

organisms that use organic compounds other than CO2 as their carbon source

question

Define: photoautrotrophs
give examples

answer

are organisms that use light as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source

-some examples: plants, algae, cyanobacteria, purple and green sulfur bacteria]

question

Define: Photoheterotrophs

answer

use like as an energy source and organic compounds other than carbon dioxide as a carbon source

question

Define: Chemoautrophs

answer

use chemicals as energy and carbon dioxide as a carbon source

question

Define: Chemohetertrophs

answer

Use chemicals as an energy source and organic compounds other than C02 as an energy source

question

Define: Mutations

answer

involve changes in the base sequences of genes

question

Define: Beneficial Mutations

answer

are mutations that are beneficial to the organisms

question

Define: Harmful Mutations

answer

A mutation that leads to the production of a non-functional enzyme
-If this causes the cell to die- then it leads to LETHAL Mutation

question

Define: Silent [Neutral] Mutation

answer

A mutation that has no effect on the cell

question

Define: Spontaneous Mutation

answer

Random mutations that occur naturally

question

Define: Mutagens

answer

Physical or chemical agents that cause increase an mutation rate
ex. e-ray, ultraviolet light

question

Define: Spontaneous Mutation

answer

Random mutations that occur naturally

question

Define: Mutagens

answer

Physical or chemical agents that cause increase an mutation rate
ex. e-ray, ultraviolet light

question

Define: Thermophiles

answer

Microorganisms that grow best at high temperatures

Minimm growth temperature: 25 oC
Optimum growth temperature: 50-60 oC
Maximum Growth Temperature: 113 oC

question

Define: Mesophiles

answer

Microbes that grow best at moderate temperatures

Min growth temp: 10 oC
Opt growth temp: 20-40 oC
Max growth temp: 45 oC

question

Define: Psychrophiles

answer

organisms that "love" cold temperature

Min growth temp: -5 oC
Opt growth temp: 10-20 oC
Max growth temp: 30 oC

question

Define: Chemically defined medium

answer

all the ingredients are known - this is because the medium was prepared in the lab.

question

Define: Complex Medium

answer

One in which the exact contents are not known. Complex media contains ground up or digested extracts from animal organs which provide the necessary nutrients, vitamins, and minerals.

question

Define: Enriched Medium

answer

A broth or solid medium containing a rich supply of special nutrients that promotes the growth of fastidious organisms

question

Define: Selective Medium

answer

Has added inhibitors that discourage the growth of certain organisms without inhibiting growth of the organism being sought.

question

Define: Differential medium

answer

allows one to readly differentiate among the various types of organisms that are growing on the medium.

question

Mannitol salt gar is used to screen for S. aureus. not only will S. aureus grow on MSA but it turns the orginally ________ medium to ________ because of it's ability to ferment mannitol.

answer

Pink, yellow

question

Define: Population Growth Curve

answer

A bacterial population growth curve consists of four phases: a lag phase, a log phase, a stationary phase, and a death phase.

question

Inhibiting the Growth of Microorganisms in Vitro
Define: Sterilization

answer

Sterilization involves the destruction or elimination of all microbes [ including cells, spores, and viruses]

-[note]: when something is sterile, it is devoid of microbial life.

question

Define: Disinfection

answer

involves the elimination of most or all pathogens [except bacterial spores] from nonliving objects

question

Define: Pasteurization

answer

a method of disinfecting liquids

question

Chemicals used to disinfect inanimate objects, such as beside equipment and operating rooms are called

answer

Disinfectants

question

Define: Antiseptics

answer

solutions used to disinfect skin and other living tissues

question

Define: Sanitization

answer

the reduction of microbial population to levels considered safe by public health standards, such as those applied to restaurants.

question

Agents having the suffix "-cidial" or "cide" kill organisms whereas agents having the suffix "-static" merely mean ______

answer

inhibit the growth and reproduction

question

Define: germicidal agent

answer

a chemical agent or drug that kills pathogens

question

Define: Biocidal Agent

answer

A chemical agent that destroys living organisms

question

Define: Microbicidal Agent

answer

A chemical or drug that kills microorganisms

question

Define: Bactericidal Agent

answer

A chemical that kills bacteria

question

Define: Sporicidal Agent

answer

A chemical or drug that kills spores

question

Define: Fungicidal Agents

answer

A chemical or drug that kills fungi, including fungal spores

question

Define: Algicidal Agents

answer

A chemical or bacteria that to kill algae in swimming pools and hot tubs

question

Define: Viricidal Agents

answer

A chemical or drug that destroys viruses

question

Define:Microbistatic Agent

answer

A drug or chemical that inhibits reproduction or microorganisms, but does not necessarily kill them

question

Define: Bacteriostatic Agent

answer

one that specifically inhibits the metabolism and reproduction of bacteria.

question

Define: Lyophilization

answer

a good method of preserving microorganisms for future use

question

Define: Sepsis verse Asepsis

answer

Sepsis is the presence of pathogens in blood or tissue where Asepsis the absence of pathogens in blood or tissue

question

Define: Aseptic techniques

answer

Eliminate and exclude pathogens

question

Define: Antisepsis
Antiseptic technique
Who created this technique ?

answer

Antisepsis: The prevention of infection
Antisepsis Technique: the use of antiseptics
-John Lister in 1867

question

What is the most common type of sterilization for inanimate objects able to withstand high temperatures?

answer

HEAT

question

Explain: Thermal Death Point [TDP] verse Thermal Death Time [TDT]

answer

TDP is the lowest temp. that will kill all the organisms in a standard pure culture within a specified period
TDT is the length of time necessary to sterilized a pure culture at a specified temp

question

Define Autoclave

answer

large, metal pressure cooker that uses steam to destroy all microbial life

question

TRUE OR FALSE.
Most organisms are not killed by cold temperature.

answer

True, instead their metabolic activities are slowed.

question

Define: Chemotherapeutic Agent

answer

ANY drug used to treat ANY condition or disease

question

The chemotherapueutic agents used to treat infectious diseases are collectively referred to as ____________

answer

Antimicrobial Agents

[thus, an antimicrobial agent is any chemical [drug] used to treat infectious disease, either by inhibiting or killing pathogens in vivo.

question

Define: Antibiotic

answer

a substance produced by a microorganism that is effective in killing or inhibiting the growth of other microorganisms

question

TRUE OR FALSE: all antibiotic antimicrobial agents are antibiotics

answer

False.

Although all antibiotics are antimicrobial agents, not all antimicrobial agents are antibiotics.

question

TRUE OR FALSE: Antibiotics are primarily antibacterial agents and are thus used to treat bacterial diseases.

answer

True

question

Who discovered Penicillium? [and the first antibiotic]

answer

Alexander Fleming

question

What are the characteristics of an ideal antimicrobial agent?

answer

-Kill or inhibit the growth of pathogens
-Cause no damage to the host
-Cause no allergic reaction to the host
-Be stable when stored in a solid or liquid form
-Remain in specific tissues in the body long enough to be effective
-Kill the pathogens before they mutate and become resistant to it

question

What is the difference between Synergism versus Antagonism

answer

When the use of two antimicrobial agents to treat an infectious disease produces a degree of pathogen killing that is far greater than that achieved by either drug alone, the phenomenon is known as SYNERGISM- when the use of two drugs produces an extent of pathogens killing that is less than that achieved by either drug alone, the phenomenon is known as ANTAGONISM

question

Mechanisms by which bacteria become resistant to antimicrobial agents
table
9-7

answer

question

Define: Empiric Therapy

answer

An educated guess a physician makes - tells the pathogen and what medicine to perscribe before the acutal results come in

question

What are some factors a physician must take in beofre he perscribes a medication based on empric therapy?

answer

-If the lab has the idenity of the pathogen, the clinician can refer to a pocket chart
-is the patient allergic to any antimicrobial agents
-What is the age of the patient
-is the patient prego
-is the paitient and inpatient or outpatient-what is the site of the patient infection

question

Define: Symbiosis

answer

the living together or close association of two dissimilar organisms [usually two different species]

question

Define: Neutralism

answer

used to describe a symbiotic relationship in which neither symbiotic is affected by the relationship.

question

Define: Neutralism

answer

used to describe a symbiotic relationship in which neither symbiotic is affected by the relationship.

question

Define: Microbial ecology

answer

the study of numerous interrelationships between microorganisms and the world around them

question

Define: Commernsalism

answer

a symbiotic relationship that is beneficial to one symbiont and of no consequence [is not neither beneficial nor harmful] to the other

question

Define: Mutualism

answer

a symbiotic relationship that is beneficial to both symbionts [i.e. the relationship is mutually beneficial]

question

Define: Parasitism

answer

a symbiotic relationship that is beneficial to one symbiont [the parasite] and detrimental to the other symbiont [the host]

question

TRUE OR FALSE: A person's indigenous microflora or indigenous microbiota [sometimes referred to as "normal flora"] includes all of the microbes [bacteria. fungi, protozoa, and viruses] that reside on and within that person

answer

TRUE

question

It is estamated that our indigenous microflora is composed of between ________ and _____ different species

answer

500 and 1,000

question

How many microbes live withing our bodies?

answer

100 trillion

question

TRUE OR FALSE: A fetus has indigenous microflora?

answer

FALSE

question

Define: Microbial Antagonism

answer

Many members of our indigenous microflora serve a beneficial role by preventing other microbes from becomming established in or colonizing a particular anatomic location

question

Define: Opportunistic Pathogens

answer

can be thought of as organisms hanging around, awaiting the opportunity to cause infections

question

Name two vitamins we obtain from intestinal bacteria

answer

K and B12

question

Define: Biotherapeutic agents [or probiotics]

answer

Bacteria and yeasts that are ingested to restablish and stabilize the miccrobial balance within our bodies

question

Define: Communicable disease

answer

If the infectious disease is transmissible from one human to another

question

Define: Contagious disease

answer

a communicable disese that is easily transmitted from one person to another

question

Define: Zoonotic Disease

answer

onfectious diseases that human acquire from animal sources

question

Define: Incidence

answer

# of new cases of that disease

question

Define: Mortality rate

answer

the ratio of the number of people wo died of a particular disease during a specified time per a specified population. also known as DEATH RATE

question

Define: Morbidity rate

answer

the number of new cases of a particular disease during a specified time period per specifically defined population

question

Difference bt Sporadic disease and endemic disease

answer

A sporadic disease is a disease that occurs only occasionally [sporadically] within a population of a particular geographic area, whereas an endemic disease that is always present within a population

question

Define: Epidemic Disease

answer

diseases that occur in a greater than usual number of cases in a particular region, and usually occur within a relatively short period of time

question

Name the chain of infections [hint 6]

answer

1. A pathogen
2. a reservoir of infection
3. a portal of exit
4. a mode of transmission
5. a portal of entry
6. a susceptible host

question

Define: Healthcare-associated infections [HAIs]

answer

infections that are acquired WITHIN hostipals or other healthcare facilities

question

Define: Community-Acquired Infections

[how many days?]

answer

infections that are acquired OUTSIDE of healthcare facilities
-can be as long as up to 14 days of hostipal discharge

question

In the United States, approximately __% of hospitzlized patients develop HAIs

answer

5

question

3 components of specimen quality are

answer

1. proper specimen selection [i.e. the correct type of specimen must be submitted]
2. prooper specimen collection
3. proper transport of the specimen to the lab

question

It has often been stated that the quality of the lab work performed in a CML can be only as good as the quality of the speciemns it receives - what does this mean?

answer

high-quality clinical specimens are required to achieve accurate, clinically relevant lab. results

question

In general usage, the terms infection and infectious disease are _______

answer

synonyms
ex. the person has a ear infection
same thing as say.. the person has an infectious disease of the ear

[hint: infectious disease- disease cause by a microbe]

question

Many microbiologists, however, reserve use of the word infection to mean?

answer

colonization by a pathogen [i.e. when a pathogen lands on or enters a persons body and establishes residence there, then the person is infected with that pathogen

question

Four Periods in the Course of an Infectious Disease
explain what happens

answer

[a] incubation period
[b] prodromal period
[c]period of illness
[d] convalescent

question

Define: host cell mechanisms
how many lines of defenses does the body have?

answer

wyas in which the body protects itself from pathogens
-3 , the first two lines are nospecific and the third line of defense is specific

question

First line of defense: Skin and Mucous Membranes as Physical Barriers and cellular and chamical factors

answer

intact skin and mucous membranes serve as nonspecific host defense mechanisms by serving as physical or mechanical barriers
- the dryness, acidity, and temperature of the skin inhibit colonization and growth of pathogens; perspiration flushes them away.

question

Define: Microbial anatagonism

answer

When indigenous microflora prevent the establishment of arriving pathogens

question

The body normally responds to any local injury, irritation, microbial invasion, or bacterial toxin by a complex series of events collectively reffered to as ...

answer

Inflammation

question

The three major events in acute inflammation

answer

Increase in capillary diameter
Increased permeability of capillaries
Egress of leukocytes

question

Define: Immunology

answer

is the scientific study of the immune system and immune response

question

The immune system is considered to be a specific host defense mechanism and the _______ line of defense

answer

question

Define: Immunity

answer

resistance to infection

question

What are the two major arms of the immune system ? define them

answer

Humoral Immunity - always involves the production of antibodies

Cell-Mediated Immuninty- involes various cell types, with antibodies playing on a minor roll

question

Define: acuired immunity

answer

Immunity that results from the active production or receipt of productive antibodies during one's lifetime

question

[acquired immunity] - if the antibodies are actually produced within the person's body the immunity is called _______ but if the person recives antibodies that were produced by another person or by more than one person, or, in some cases by an animal- such protection is usually only temporary.

answer

Active acquired Immunity ; passive acquired immunity

question

Two Types of Active Acquired Immunity

answer

Natural- immunity that is acquired in response to the entry of a live pathogen into the body [i.e. in response to an actual infection]
Artificial -immunity that is acquired in response to VACCINES

question

Two Types of Passive Acquired Immunity

answer

Natural immunity that is acquired by a fetus when it recives maternal antibodies in the utero or by an infant when it recives its maternal antibodies contained in colostrum
Artificial passive acquired immunity - immunity that is acquired when a person recives antibodies contained in antisera or gamma globulin

question

Where do immune responses occur?

answer

immune responses occur at many body sites, including the spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils and adenoids

question

Define: Antigens

answer

foreign organic substances that are large enough to stimulate the production on antibodies

question

Individual molecues that stimulate the production of antibodies are referred to as

answer

Antigenic determinants or epitopes

question

The cells that secrete antibodies are called?

answer

plasma cells; they are derived from B cells

question

Define Epidermis

answer

the superficial portion of the skin

question

Define Dermis

answer

the inner layer of the skin, containing blood and lympathic vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles

question

Define Dermatitis

answer

inflammation of the skin

question

Define Sebacous glands

answer

glands in the dermis that usually open into hair follicles and secrete an oily substance known as SEBUM

question

Define Follicultitis

answer

Inflammation of a hair follicle,the sac that contains a hair shaft

question

Define Sty

answer

Inflammation of a sebacous gland that opens into a follicle of an eyelash

question

Define Furncle

answer

A localized pyogenic (pus producing) infection of the skin

also known as a BOIL

question

Define Carbuncle

answer

A deep seated pyogenic infection of the skin

question

Chickenpox.
Reservior & Mode of Transmission

answer

Reservior: Infected humans
Transmission: person to person contact or droplet/airborne spread

question

Rubella (German Measles)
Reservior & Transmission

answer

Res: infected humans
Trans: droplet spread or direct contact w/ nasophyrengeal secretions

question

Rubeola (Measles)
Reservior & Transmission

answer

Reser: Infected humans
Trans: airborner, droplet, direct person-person

question

Staphyloccal Skin Infections
Res & Trans

answer

R: Infected Humans
Trans: person w/ draining lesion or any discharge

question

Streptococcal Skin.
Res & Trans

answer

Res: Infected Humans
Trans: person to person via large respiratory droplets or direct contact with patients

question

Trachoma (Chlamydia Keratoconjuntivitis)
Pathogen

answer

C. Trachomatis

question

Gonoccal Conjunctivitis (Gonorheal Ophtalmia)
Pathogen?

answer

N. Gonorrhease or GC

question

Streptoccal Pharyngitis ( Strep Throat)
Pathogen

answer

Streptococcus pyogenes
aka Strep A

question

Legionellosis
Pathogen, Reservior, Transmission

answer

Legionella Pneumophilia
Environmental water sources
Trans: Aerosols produced by misting devices

question

Tuberculosis
Pathogen, Reservior, Transmission

answer

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Infected Humans, rarely primates and cattle
Ariborne droplet

question

Whopping Cough (Pertusis)
Pathogen?

answer

Bordetella Pertusis

question

Campylobacter Enteritis
Reservior and Transmission

answer

Res: animals including poultry
Trans: contaminated foods, raw milk, cutting boards

question

Salmonellosis
Reservior and Transmission

answer

Res: wild and domestic animales
Trans: Contaminated food, beef, cattle, milk

question

Influenza (Flu)
Reservior & Transmission

answer

Res: Infected humans, pigs, birds
Trans: Ariborne spread and direct contact

question

Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)

answer

Note: Caused by Influenza A only
Res: infected wild and domesticated birds
Trans: Bird to human via infected poultry or surfaces

question

Define Colitis

answer

Inflammation of the colon

question

Define Dysentry

answer

frequent watery stools

question

Define Enteritis

answer

Inflammation of the intestines, usually referring to the small intestine

question

Define Gastritis

answer

inflammation of the stomach

question

Define Hepatitis

answer

Inflammation of the liver

question

UTI.
Lower vs Upper Tract

answer

Lower Tract: Bladder (Cystitis), Urethra, and Prostate
Upper Tract: Kidneys(Nephritis) and Ureters

question

Define Endocarditis

answer

Inflammation of the membrane that lines the cavaties of the heart

question

Define Myocardium

answer

Inflammatoin of the muscular walls of the heart

question

What does the CNS consists of?

answer

Brain, the spinal cord, and the meninges

question

Define encephalitis

answer

inflammation of the brain

question

Define Myelitis

answer

Inflammation of the spinal cord

question

What causes meningitis?

answer

Ingestion of poisons, drugs, vaccines, or a pathogen

question

True or False.
Viral Meningitis is sometimes referred to "aseptic meningitis"

answer

TRUE

question

What percentage of Trichanomas is caused by vaginitis?

answer

1/3

question

Giardiasis.
Res & Trans

answer

Res: Infected humans, possibly beavers and other animals that have ingested water containing giardia cysts
Trans: fecal-orals, conataminated water, person to person

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