Oceanography Terms – Flashcards
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Another name for Latitude lines
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Parallels
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Another name for Longitude lines
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Meridians
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Prime Meridian
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0 degrees
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International Dateline
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180 degrees
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Define: Heading
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Direction you are actually going
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Define: Bearing
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Direction your destination lies in relation to your starting point
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How many nautical miles are in 1 degree?
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60 nautical miles
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How many statute miles are in 1 nautical mile?
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1.15 statute miles
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What is bathymetry?
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Measurement and topography of sea floor
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What are soundings?
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Depth measurement
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How do you find depth?
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Reflection time/2 X Velocity
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The region between the coastline and 200 meters depth is called the...
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Continental Shelf
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The region between 200 meters depth and the deep ocean is called the...
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Continental Slope
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What shows bathymetry from above?
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Contour maps
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What shows bathymetry in a cross section along a horizontal line across the ocean floor?
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Vertical depth profiles
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What are isobaths
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LInes of constant depth
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How do you find slope?
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Depth at point A - Depth at point B/ distance between points A and B
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Name the layers from the earth
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Crust Mantle Outer core Inner core
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Give an example of a convergent boundary
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Himalayas
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Give an example of a Divergent boundary
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Red Sea
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Give an example of a Transform boundary
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Coast of California
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How are Island Chains formed?
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When plates move over hot spots
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What is a beach?
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Where rivers deposit sand and sediments
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What did Alfred Wegener propose
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that the continents had been a super continent called Pangaea
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What is the weak, liquid layer of the Earth called?
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Asthenosphere
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What is the overlying upper mantle and the crust together called?
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Lithosphere
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What is the strongest layer; the lower mantle called?
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Mesosphere
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These are made from constructive boundaries and have volcanic activity
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mid-ocean ridges
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When the overriding plate is oceanic, this is formed
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island arc
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Plumes of magma that originate deep in the mantle
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hot spots
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What are fracture zones?
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Remnants of old transform faults
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What is the swash zone?
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The region of the beachface that is wetted by wave runup
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What is sorting?
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Separating particles of zand by size
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What is the conventional means of determining grain size of sand?
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Dry sieving
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Terrigenous came from
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rocks
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biogenous came from
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organisms
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hydrogenous came from
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water
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cosmogenous came from
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space
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well-sorted sand is?
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same sized particles
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poorly-sorted sand is?
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made up of various sizes of particles
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Why are coarse sands found at the swash zone instead of at the base of the dune?
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They are too heavy to be carried by winds to the base of the dune
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How do jetties benefit people who use the harbor?
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They prevent sand from building up in the harbor
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Where temperature changes rapidly with depth
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Thermocline
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Where salinity changes rapidly with depth
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Halocline
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What is the measurement of mass of a substance per unit volume
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Density
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In winter the water column is...
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uniform
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The uniform zone is called the...
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mixed layer
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During summer the water column is...
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stratified
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What affects density?
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Temperature Salinity
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We measure salinity using a
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refractometer
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We measure density using a
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hydrometer
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What decreases the salinity of water?
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Precipitation River inflow Ice melting
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What would increase the salinity of water?
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Evaporation
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Why are ocean conveyor belts important?
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They keep the earth at a constant temperature
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What is the Ekman Spiral
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The spiral created by waters that are shifting more to the right and changing in velocity each time the wind moves the water.
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In the Ekman spiral, what is the water's change in direction called?
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The Coriolis effect
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In the Northern Hemisphere, water currents are being deflected to the...
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right
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In the Southern Hemisphere currents are being deflected to the...
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left
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What causes spring tides to have such a large tidal range?
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The sun and the moon are lined up, causing their forces to join and pull in the same direction
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Organisms that convert inorganic molecules into organic molecules are called
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autotrophs or primary producers
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What is the velocity at which the wave form travels?
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Celerity
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How do you find celerity?
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Wavelength/Period
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An organism that produces oxygen is called
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autotroph
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An organism that consumes oxygen is called
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heterotroph
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Primary productivity can be measured in units of
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g C/L
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What is the lowest level of classification?
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species
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Name the order of taxonomy
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Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
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Plankton
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free floating
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Nekton
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free swimming
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Benthos
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Cling on to stuff
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Meroplankton
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begins its life as a plankton but then transforms ex. crab
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holoplankton
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remains a plankton its entire life ex. jellyfish
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Give three examples of what nekton are
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1. able to swim 2. never autotrophs 3. able to eat plankton
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example of jawless fish
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hagfish
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example of jawed fish (chondrichthyes)
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shark
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example of (osteichthyes)
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salmon
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what are lateral lines used for
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sense pressure changes and water movement
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what are the tube feet of a sea star used for?
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mobility feeding
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what is the most abundant class of marine arthropods?
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crustaceaus
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what means attached to the substrate
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sessile
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what can produce both sperm and egg
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monoecious or hermaphrodite
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either male or female
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dioecious
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a fold of tissue that secretes the hard outer covering that protects the internal organs of most mollusks
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mantle
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a long ribbon of teeth used to either scrape food off the substrate or drill holes into other organisms
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radula
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in cnidarians, a stinging cell that is used to inject a toxin into prey
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namtocyst
