OB/GYN – Study Guide for Test 1 – Flashcards
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Define prepuberty:
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premenarche
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Location of the lavator ani:
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one of two muscles of the diaphragm that stretch across the floor of the pelvic cavity, supporting the pelvic organs & surrounding the urethra, vagina & rectum, broad thin muscle
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Muscle of the lateral walls:
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piriformis, pelvic muscle (posterolateral wall)
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Structures of the broad ligament:
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double fold of the peritoneum, extends from the lateral aspects of the uterus to pelvic sidewall
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What is the round ligament:
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fundus to anterior pelvic sidewalls, holds uterus forward
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Define anteversion:
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the position of the uterus is tipped slightly forward
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Normal menarchal uterine size:
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6 to 8 cm long, 3 to 5 cm AP, 3 to 5 cm TRV
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Layers of the uterus:
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Perimetrium: serous outer layer of uterus, serosa Myometrium: muscular middle layer of uterus composed of thick smooth muscle, supported by connective tissue Endometrium: inner mucous membrane of uterine body
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Functions of TGC:
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Time Gain Compensator - increases or decreases echo amplitude at predetermined depth
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Define ovulation:
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an ovum is released once a month by one of the two ovaries, usually occurs midcycle about day 14 of a 28 day cycle
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Vaginal blood supply:
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vaginal & uterine arteries, drains into the internal iliac vein
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Ovarian blood supply:
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receives blood from uterine & ovarian arteries
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Regions of the fallopian tube:
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Infundibulum - funnel shaped lateral tube that projects beyond the broad ligament. Ampulla - widest part, fertilization occurs. Isthmus - hardest part. Interstitial - enters the uterus at the cornua
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Fallopian tube blood supply:
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ovarian arteries & veins
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Ovarian position:
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attached to the posterior aspect of the broad ligament by mesovarium
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Define polymenorrhea:
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multiple cycles per month, interval less than 21 days
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Define graafian follicle:
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a mature ovarian vesicle that ruptures during ovulation to release the ovum
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Sonographic appearance of the proliferative phase:
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hypoechoic follicle will be present, thin endometrium, uterine lining thick
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Names of the retrouterine space:
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posterior cul-de-sac, pouch of Douglas
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Define space of Retzius:
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located between the anterior bladder wall & the pubic symphasis
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Define menorrhagia:
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abnormally heavy or long periods
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Uterine ligaments:
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Broad: lateral aspect of uterus to pelvic sidewall Mesovarium: posterior fold of broad ligament, encloses overy Mesosalpinx: upper fold, encloses fallopian tube Round: fundus to anterior pelvic sidewall, holds uterus forward Cardinal: extends across pelvic floor laterally, supports the cervix Uterosacral: supports cervix Ovarian: extends from ovary to uterine cornua
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Define menarche:
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state after reaching puberty in which menses occurs normally every 21 to 28 days
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What improves axial resolution:
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improved with shorter SPL
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Function of color doppler:
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the encoded doppler shift as red (toward the Tx) or blue (away from the Tx)
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Phases of the menstrual cycle:
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proliferative phase - day 1-14. corresponds to the follicular phase of ovarian cycle. menstruation occurs on day 1 to 4. thin endometrium. estrogen level increases as ovarian follicles develop. increasing estrogen levels cause uterine lining to regenerate & thicken. ovulation occurs on day 14. secretory phase - days 15 to 28. corresponds to luteal phase of ovarian cycle. ruptured follicle becomes corpus luteum. corpus luteum secretes progesterone. endometrium thickens. if no pregnancy, estrogen & progesterone decrease. menses on day 28
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Define sonohysterography:
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AKA: saline infused sonography (SIS) involves the installation of sterile saline solution into the endometrial cavity
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Endometrial measurement:
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Proliferative phase: 4-8 mm, hypoechoic Before ovulation: 6-10 mm, isoechoic After ovulation: 7-14 mm, echogenic
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Cleaning of the vaginal probe:
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cleaned with disifectant & dried with a towel. then soak in disifectant between uses for at least 10-20 minutes
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Vaginal scanning orientation:
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the left side of screen corresponds to the cephalic & right side of patient, the right side of the screen corresponds to the caudal & left side of patient
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Define Mittleschmerz:
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pain associated with ovulation
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What may cause arcuate artery calcification:
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post menoupausal women & diabetes
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Ovarian hormone production:
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the anterior pituitary gland to secrete FSH & LH (the surge of FSH & LH)
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Gonadal veins:
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left ovarian vein drains into left renal vein right ovarian vein drains into IVC
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What improves axial resolution?
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focal zones, depth, color
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Uterine vasculature:
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uterine artery from IIA (internal iliac artery)
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Define didelphys uterus:
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double uterus with 2 vaginas & cervixes
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Define uterine flexion:
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when uterus folds over on itself
