Obesity test 1 – Flashcards

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Bindge eating
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Obese individuals with BED more likely to experience the following compared to non-binge eating obese individuals or normal-weight controls Anxiety #1- Depression Obsessive-compulsive disorder Paranoid ideation Psychoticism Borderline personality
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NIGHT EATING SYNDROME
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Linked to obesity but not always the cause of weight change Characterized as "Eating Disorder" Common components include: Late-night eating (25-50% of energy after evening meal) Insomnia - need to eat to fall back asleep Depressed mood No control over their eating Distress/shame Circadian rythms
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Personality traits and BMI
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Impulsivity-related traits may predict High neuroticism associated with higher BMI Conscientiousness and extraversion and openness were protective of BMI
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Stigmas of obesity
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23.5% had stigmatizing attitudes toward obesity 55% undetermined 21.5% did no have stigmatizing attitudes toward obesity
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Discrimination
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Employment School Health care Interpersonal relationships Higher reported discrimination in women than men Life domains most at risk is uncertain
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Discrimination values
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The prevalence of weight/height discrimination increased from 7% to 12% Women reported 10% to 15.5% Men reported 4.1 to 8.1%
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Direct cost of obesity
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Those costs which can be identified specifically with a particular sponsored project Can be directly assigned to such activities, relatively easily and with a high degree of accuracy The health care resources applied to obesity and its attributable conditions $147 billion
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Indirect cost
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A cost that is not directly related to the production of a specific good or service but that is indirectly related to a variety of goods or services The reduction in the level of economic activity due to the illness and premature death attributable to obesity Wages and productivity lost Absenteeism Reduced efficiency Disability pensions $66 billion
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Intangible (personal)
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Social or personal costs or losses associated with obesity Quality of Life Your personal satisfaction (or dissatisfaction) with the cultural or intellectual conditions under which you live
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Total cost
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$215 billion
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Obesity as a Complex Polygenic Disease
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Multiple genetic and non-genetic factors Multiple genes associated with some aspect of weight management Organ systems that can influence weight RMR, physical activity, energy storage
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Obesity as a Monogenic Disorder
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Mutations in single genes Rare instances Leptin - Secreted by adipose tissue Increases energy expenditure Decreases appetite Leptin gene and receptors Strong association among rodents Prader-Willi Syndrome -Chromosome 15 abnormality SHOW genetic influence unlikely the explanation for most obesity
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correlations for twins BMI
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.79
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What is the correlation between BMI and Body Fat Percentage
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greater thann .7%
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Body compartments
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2 compartment model most common Fat mass Fat free mass- everything excluding fat tissue bone, body water, protein Bone mineral mass total body water
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Skinfolds
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using calipers Female athlete- only 10% error other- 35% error 13-22% agreement
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BIA (Bioimpedance analysis)
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Electrical current passes most quickly where resistance is lowest Impedance to electric current flow relates to the quantity of total body water; this in turn relates to FFM, body density, and percentage of body fat A low level electrical current is passed through the body and the impedance (opposition to flow current) is measured Total body water is estimated from impedance due to electrolytes in water being good conductors. Big range of error 10-5% limits of agreement
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Hydrostatic weighing
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Water Displacement Hydrostatic weighing Calculates body composition from D=M/V Body weight in air Body volume /wt in air minus wt in water Adjustment for residual lung volume and density of water -4 to 1.9% agreement
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Bod POd
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Uses air displacement to determine body volume and density Mass/volume 2-7& liits of agreement
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Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA)
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2 low energy x-ray beams penetrate bone and soft tissue areas Computer software reconstructs x-ray beams to produce an image of the underlying tissues Quantifies bone mineral content, total fat mass, fat-free mass, and regional mass Considered the "Gold Standard" -3.8 to 2.8%
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Ct and MRI
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CT uses x-rays to capture images of body MRI uses non-ionizing radio frequency signals most accurate
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what is the gold-standard for dietary intake
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Multiple pass, 24-h recalls
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Food/Dietary Records
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A participant records all foods and beverages consumed for a period of time 1, 3, 4, 7, 14-day Open-ended Advantages Eliminates need for memory - no recall bias Traditionally considered the "gold" standard but has know weaknesses Detailed data No interviewer required Disadvantages Require cooperative subjects High participant burden - high motivation needed Act of recording may alter diet Labor intensive and expensive analysis software Multiple days required
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Food frequency questionare
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Procedure A subjective questionnaire that lists specific foods and asks if a person has consumed them and how much and for how often Often used in large cohort studies and over 6 months to 1 year Advantages Inexpensive in time and money Self-administered Reduces respondent burden May be useful to identify individuals who need dietary counseling Disadvantages Need specific FFQ to target special populations Relies on memory Close-ended - reduces accuracy Specific software needed to scan responses
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24 hr recall
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Procedure A patient is interviewed and asked to recall all food and beverages consumed within the last 24 hours Can be done in person or over the phones Subjective Strengths Actual information Inexpensive in time and money for participant Easily administered Requires short-term memory Weaknesses Relies on memory - recall bias Trained interviewer needed and participant needs to be cooperative Using only a single day to determine overall intake Under/over reporting occurs - multiple days needed
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Multiple pass 24 hr recall
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Similar to regular 24-hour recall; however, it includes several different levels of questions or "Passes" aimed at obtaining as much dietary information as possible Some consider this the "gold standard" Computerized multiple pass recalls are likely the wave of the future
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Food/dietary history
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Interview or Combining food records with interviews Subjective Advantages Differentiates weekdays and weekends Home vs. eating out Documents food intake over a long period Assesses usual intake Disadvantages High levels of interviewer skill Expensive in time and money Needs follow-up with prospective food record
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Food consumption record
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Observation of a person or family within their home Actual dietary data obtained Not accurate for those who eat out alot
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Weighed plate waste
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Procedure Weigh foods before and after consumption and recorded for a period of time Dietary analysis using various software are used to determine energy and macronutrient content Advantages Objective determination of energy and macronutrient consumption Memory not needed Precise determination of food portions Disadvantages Increased time and burden on participant Increased cost Nutritional software, weigh scales, analysis
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Visual plate waste
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Procedure Food consumption is observed via pictures Trained individuals estimate portion sizes for amount served vs. amount consumed Strengths Does not rely on self-report or memory Weaknesses Intrusive and reactive Time consuming and expensive
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Under reporting lean women vs. overweight women
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Lean women under-reported by 23% & 30% Obese women under-reported by 39% and 38%
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PA records
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Recording details of PA as completed Frequency, intensity, duration, mode Assess PA sources and patterns
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Pa logs
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Similar to records Usually a checklist of activities to be checked as completed Often short (1-page)
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PA recalls
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Interviews that identify volume of PA completed in a specified period of time Subject asked to recall their activity levels Is not interactive, i.e., risks influencing PA
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Pedometers
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Horizontal lever arm that moves vertically as the hip/back/foot moves Some estimate 2000-2500 steps is equal to walking a mile 10,000 steps/day Actual energy expenditure determination is difficult Limitations include poor quality, inability to detect different stride lengths, speeds, directions of movements, types of movements
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Accelerometry
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Measures change in velocity (acceleration) Usually assessed vertical movement but can also assess other planes Provide epochs or count values
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direct measurment of EE Indirect
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Direct Calorimetry Doubly Labeled Water Oxygen Uptake Heart Rate
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Direct measurment of PA indirect
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PA records PA logs PA recalls Pedometers Accelerometers PA questionnaires Cardiorespiratory fitness
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Adaptive thermogenesis
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"The change in energy expenditure following acute and/or long-term overfeeding and underfeeding."1 "AT refers to the decrease in REE beyond those decreases accounted for by changed fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM)."2 "Difference in predicted and actual measured resting energy expenditure."3 Reflects, "...the body's potential to adapt its energy expenditure to attenuate the impact of fluctuations in energy balance on body energy stores."1 "Resistance to lose fat; the inability to reach satiety at energy balance in a weight-reduced obese state; the long-term persistence of depressed thermogenesis following weight loss."1
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