Nutition Exam 3 – Flashcards
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The B vitamins act as _____ helping numerous enzymes produce reactions in cells.
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co enzymes
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Vitamin C is also known as
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ascordic acid
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What are fortified foods?
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foods with added nutrients
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The ______ is an organization that provides some guidance for consumers when it comes to labeling dietary supplements.
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USP
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Abundant in foods from animal sources, ______ is a vitamin-like substance needed to properly utilize fat.
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carnitine
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Unstable oxygen-containing molecules that can damage cells and possibly contribute to the increased risk of chronic diseases are call free _____.
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radicals
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Excessive amounts of water soluble vitamins are excreted in _______.
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urine
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The B vitamin ______ plays a role in breaking down alcohol in the body.
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thiamin
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The body can synthesize niacin from the amino acid _____.
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tryptophan
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What compounds are derived from vitamin B6?
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pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine
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Vitamin _______ boosts your immune system by helping your body make white blood cells.
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C
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What are water soluble vitamins?
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absorbed with water and enter your blood stream directly
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Ascorbic acids acts as a co enzyme and is essential for the production of ______.
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protein
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The disease of vitamin C deficiency is called _______.
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scurvy
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What foods are recommended for good eye health by the NEI?
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Citrus fruits, broccoli, leafy dark green veggies
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What vitamins travel in a micelle along with bile and fatty acids?
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Fat soluble vitamins (ADEK)
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What will destroy the vitamin content of foods?
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Air, water and heat
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What is xerophthalmia?
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A prolonged vitamin A deficiency can lead to dryness and permanent damage to the cornea.
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Which light sensitive vitamin is abundant in milk?
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Riboflavin (B2)
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Which vitamin is essential for blood clotting?
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Vitamin K
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Carly and Adam have been married for 3 years and are thinking about children. Which vitamin should Carly make sure she is getting enough of prior to conceiving, in order to reduce the risk of neural tube defects?
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Folate
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Which vitamin has been shown to reduce the risk of colon, breast and pancreatic cancers, as well as reduce the risk of birth defects?
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Folate
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Pellagra is a condition associated with a deficiency of which vitamin?
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Niacin (B3)
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What is caused by a vitamin D deficiency disease in children?
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Rickets
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What conditions are caused by a deficiency of vitamin D?
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Hypervitaminosis D, hypercalcemia, osteomalacia, osteoporosis
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What factors may be responsible for the increase in cases of rickets in the US?
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Change in diet, lifestyle change, consumption of soft drinks, increase skin cancer and air pollution.
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Thiamin deficiency results in which condition?
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Beriberi
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The phytochemical anthocyanin is found in
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Apples, beets, cabbage, cherries, cranberries, red cabbage, red onion and red beans.
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Niacin has been shown to beneficially alter serum levels of
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cholesterol
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Which is the best way to reduce your chance's of catching a cold?
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wash hands, plenty of rest, plenty of fluids
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What are antioxidant?
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Substances that neutralize free radicals.
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Folate can be found in the highest levels in which foods?
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Asparagus, brain flakes, spinach
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Naturally occurring vitamin B12 is found in which food?
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Meat, poultry, fish, dairy
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What is vitamin B12?
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Contains metal cobalt, only water soluble vitamin that can be stored in body.
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Which people might benefit from a vitamin supplement?
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Women who may conceive, pregnant women, older people, people who don't drink milk, people on a low calorie diet, strict vegetarian.
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Which supplements may lower the risk of age related macular degeneration, according to a study conducting by the national eye institute?
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Minerals: zinc, copper, vitamin C and E, beta carotene.
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Where is the inactive form of Vitamin D converted to the active form?
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In blood stream travels to liver, changes into circulating Vitamin D releases into Kidneys.
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Which vitamin helps bone health by regulating calcium and phosphorus?
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Vitamin D
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Vitamin K plays an essential role in
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blood clotting, bone health
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The majority of sodium in most diets comes from
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processed food.
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Sometimes advertised as helping to reduce the severity and duration of the common cold, ______ have a deceptively medicinal taste.
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zinc
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Selenium is part of a class of proteins called selenproteins which can function as _____.
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enzymes that help regulate thyroid hormones, antioxidants that protect your cells from free radicals.
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A ______ deficiency can cause Keshan disease, which damages the heart.
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selenium
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What is a good source of chromium?
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Grains
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Approximately what percent of thyroid hormones are composed of iodine?
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60%
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Which mineral is increased in the body in hemochromatois?
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Iron
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The inorganic form of _____ is poisonous for humans.
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arsenic
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The movement of water across the cell membrane is called _____.
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osmosis
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Which hormone directs the kidneys to reduce water loss from the body by reducing urine output?
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Anti diuretic hormone (ADH)
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If a person weighs less after an activity than before, the weight change is due to loss of ______.
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body water
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Over consumption of ________ can cause hyponatremia, which can be fatal.
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fluids
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______ that are important in fluid balance called electrolytes.
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Minerals
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The bottling and sale of naturally obtained spring water is under the regulation of the
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FDA
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The most abundant mineral in your body is ______
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calcium
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What is hyponatremia?
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A condition of too little sodium in the blood.
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What are the major mineral?
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Macro-minerals are needed in amounts greater than 100 milligrams per day.
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The average healthy adult is approximately _____ percent water.
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60
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What may help reduce blood pressure?
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weight loss, being active, control alcohol consumption, balancing diet,
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Which mineral may play a role in lowering blood pressure?
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Potassium
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In the DASH sodium study, which amount of sodium was found to be the most effective as a daily limit?
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2300 mg.
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Hyperkalemia occurs when a person consumes supplements with too much
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potassium in blood
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Which two minerals combine to form hydroxyapatite?
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calcium and phosphorus
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Which calcium supplement may contain lead and other toxic metals?
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unrefined shell, bone meal, dolamite
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Which mineral is found in bleach as well as stomach acid (though in two different forms)?
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Chloride
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The two major electrolytes outside your cells in your blood are
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sodium and chloride
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Your entire skeleton is replaced with a new bone every
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decade
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Peak bone mass typically occurs when a person is in his or her
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20s
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In the body, about two thirds of which mineral is found in hemoglobin?
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Iron
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Which foods contain nonheme iron?
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meat,fish,poultry
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What are the functions of zinc?
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needed for DNA synthesis,growth and development, Keep immune healthy, heal wounds and brings out best in taste buds.
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What is selenium/selenoproteins?
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Enzymes help regulate thyroid hormones
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A goiter is a deficiency of?
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Enlarged thyroid gland
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What is cretinism?
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born with under active thyroid
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A toxicity of which mineral damages the nervous system and causes symptoms that resemble Parkinson's disease?
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Manganese
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The acronym DASH in the DASH diet stands for
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Dietary Approaches to Stop HTN
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In addition to the alcohol dehydrogenase system, the liver must employ the ______ during chronic and elevated alcohol consumption.
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Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)
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What are blackouts?
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Periods of time when an intoxicated person cannot recall part or all of an event.
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Heavy drinkers and alcoholics are more susceptible to incidences of ________.
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gastritis
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A chronic substitution of excessive amounts of alcohol for nutritious foods can lead to _______.
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malnutrition
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Alcoholic hepatitis occurs when the ______ is irritated by various by products of alcohol metabolism.
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liver
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Alcohol contains ______ calories per gram
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7
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By negatively affecting the ______ hormone, alcohol can increase the risk of osteoporosis.
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para thyroid
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What are congeners?
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Compounds in alcohol that enhance the taste but may contribute to hangover symptoms.
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A standard drink is _____ ounces of beer, _____ ounces of wine, or a ______ ounce shot of liquor.
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12, .5 and 1.5
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______ contains _____, a flavonoid that has antioxidant properties.
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Red wine, resveratrol
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One study showed that an alcoholic drink consumed after a meal is absorbed about _____ times more slowly than alcohol consumed on an empty stomach.
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3
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What can result from binge drinking?
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alcohol poisoning
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______ can be described as a condition when one continues to drink even though it is causing social, legal, and/or health problems.
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Abusing alcohol
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As the brain becomes less sensitive to alcohol, more is needed to get the same intoxicating effect. This phenomenon is called alcohol _______.
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tolerance
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Moderate alcohol consumption is no more than ____ alcoholic drinks daily for adult women, and no more than ___ drinks daily for adult men.
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1, 2
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What is reveratrol?
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A flavonoid and type of phytochemical which acts as an antioxidant.
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Most alcohol is metabolized in the ______
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liver
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A blood alcohol level above ______ will often result in death.
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0.41
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What area of your brain is affected first by alcohol?
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Cerebral Cortex
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Compounds in alcohol that enhance flavor but may contribute to hangout symptoms are called
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congeners
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What can help ease the hangover symptoms?
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Time, aspirin and ibuprofen
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Drinking too much alcohol can interfere with the absorption and/or use of
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protein, zinc, magnesium, the B vitamins, thiamin,folate, B12 and Vitamins A,D,E, and K.
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What steps must one take to reverse a fatty liver?
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Reverse itself if the alcohol consumption stopped.
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Which of the following is the second stage of alcohol liver disease?
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Alcohol hepatitis
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In addition to chronic drinking, which life style behavior heightens the risk of esophageal cancer?
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smoking while drinking
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What is stage three of alcohol liver disease?
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Cirrhosis
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Which substance, released by intestinal bacteria travels to the liver and initiates further liver damage?
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cytokines
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What are the recommendations regarding alcohol use during pregnancy?
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No drinking
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Binge drinking is the consumption of _____ or more alcoholic drinks by men or ______ or more drinks by women in a very short time.
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5, 4
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It is illegal in the US for adults to drive with a blood alcohol content of
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0.008
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What are the symptoms of alcoholism?
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craves alcohol, develop higher tolerance, cant control or limit intake, develop dependency.
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The people who gain the health benefits from moderate alcohol consumption are
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women 55 + and men 44 +
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Which substance consumed during and after alcohol consumption has shown to cause liver damage in some cases?
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Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
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What body system is seriously damaged in the fetus when a pregnant woman drinks alcohol?
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Central nervous system
