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Evidence-Based Practice

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Nursing procedures/interventions that have been proven to be effective

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Leininger's Culture Care Theory

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Recognition of the link between a person's cultural background and his or her response to nursing care

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Maslow's Human Needs Theory

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A way to look at identifying patient care priorities and responding to the patient's needs according to the patient's level of functioning

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Nursing Research

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An organized way of finding information that supports existing knowledge and develops new knowledge for clinical practice, nursing education, and nursing services

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Nursing Theories

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Often used as a basis for developing nursing curricula

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Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory

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This nursing theory has three sub theories: self-care, self-care deficit, and the nursing system. Nursing data collection can be used to identify the particular deficit in order to choose interventions that will have the desired outcomes for the patient

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Peplau's Interpersonal Relations Theory

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Basis for developing a therapeutic relationship with a patient (especially useful for working with adult or child psychiatric patients). The relationship has certain parameters that are a major part of the treatment. The overlapping phases are orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution

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Qualitative Research Study

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Subjective study that gathers data as a narrative description of the "lived experience" of individuals

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Quantitative Research Study

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Objective study that collects numerical data that are measured using statistics. Establishes a cause-effect relationship

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Rosenstock's Health Belief Theory

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A theory that attempts to explain why a person will or will not take action to prevent or detect illness

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Sister Callista Roy's Adaption Model

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Describes the patient as a holistic adaptive system influenced by both internal and external stimuli

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Spirit of Inquiry

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Trait of LPNs/LVNs that challenges traditional and existing practices and seeks creative approaches to problems

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Watson's Theory of Human Care

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Health is a harmony among, body, mind, and spirit. It involves self-preception and how the self is experienced. Illness is a lack of harmony within the self and the soul

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Applied Research

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Research designed to directly influence or improve clinical practice.

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Basic Research

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Research designed to generate and refine theory, the findings are often not directly useful in practice.

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Conceptual Framework Model

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Sets of concepts, along with the statements that arrange the concepts into understandable patterns.

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Data

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Information.

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Deductive Reasoning

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Cognitive process in which one examines a general idea and then considers specific actions or ideas.

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Evidence-Based Practice

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Nursing care provided that is supported by sound scientific rationale.

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Inductive Reasoning

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Cognitive process in which one identifies a specific idea or action and then makes conclusions about general ideas.

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Informed Consent

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Knowledgeable, voluntary permission obtained from a patient to perform a specific test or procedure.

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Nursing Research

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Encompasses both research to improve the care of people in clinical setting and to study people and the nursing profession, including education, policy development, ethics, and nursing history.

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Nursing Theory

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Differentiates nursing from other disciplines and activities by serving the purposes of describing. explaining, predicting, and controlling desired outcomes of nursing practices.

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Philosophy

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Study of wisdom, fundamental knowledge, and processes we use to develop and construct our perceptions of life.

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Process

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Series of actions, changes, or functions to bring about a result.

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Qualitative Research

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Method of research conducted to gain insight by discovering meanings.

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Quantitative Research

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Research involving the concepts of basic and applied research.

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Research

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Process that uses observable and verifiable information collected in a systematic manner to describe, explain, or predict events.

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Science

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Body of knowledge gained by observing identifying, describing, investigating, and explaining events and occurrences that are seen in the world.

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Systematic Review

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Summarized findings from multiple studies of a specific clinical practice question or topic that recommend practice changes and future decisions for research, one of the strongest sources of evidence based practice.

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Theory

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Statement based on observed facts that explains or characterizes a process, an occurrence, or an events by cannot be proved directly or absolutely as a fact.

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Traditional Knowledge

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Passed down from generation to generation. Ex: Change bed clothes.

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Authoritative Knowledge

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Comes from an expert and is accepted as truth bases one the person's seen expertise. Gained knowledge through experience. Ex: How to put an IV in.

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Scientific Knowledge

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A series of actions, changes, or functions intended to bring about a desired result. Conceptual frameworks and theories. Ex: Nursing Process.

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Science

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Knowledge of in and of nursing.

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Philosophy

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The study of wisdom, fundamental knowledge, and processes used to construct life. Implies a system of values and beliefs.

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Process

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A series of actions, changes, or functions intended to bring about a desired results. Conceptual frameworks and theories. Ex. Nursing Process.

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Theory

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Group of concepts that describe a pattern of reality. Can be tested, changed, or used to guide research.

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Concepts

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Abstract impressions organized into symbols of reality. Conceptual framework or model.

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Deductive Reasoning

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Examines general ideas and considers specific actions or ideas.

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Inductive Reasoning

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Builds from specific ideas or actions to conclusions about general ideas.

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General Systems

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Break whole things into parts and then how to learn the parts as they work together in a system. Ex. Solar system

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Adaptation

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A continuously occurring proces that effects changed and involves interaction and response. Ex: Think adaptation.

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Developmental

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Orderly and predictable growth and development from conception to death. Ex. Erickson and Maslow.

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Patient-Centered Care

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What is the most important concept in Nursing Theory?

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Quantitative

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Involves concepts of basic and applied research. Think numbers or quantity.

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Qualitative

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Conducted to gain insight by discovering meanings. Based on belief that reality is based on perceptions that differs for each person and changed over time. Think quality.

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Variable

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Varies and has different values-measurable.

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Dependent Variable

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Variable being studied- determined as a result of a study.

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Independent Variable

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Causes or conditions that are manipulated or identified to determine the effects on the dependent variable.

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Hypothesis

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Statement of what the researcher expects to find.

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Data

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Info the researcher collects from subjects in the study.

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Instruments

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Devices used to collect and record data.

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Informed Consent

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Patient's right to consent knowledgeably to participate in a study without coercion or to refuse participation.

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Patient, population, or problem of interest

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P in PICO Format.

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Intervention of interest

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I in PICO Format.

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Comparison of interest

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C in PICO Format.

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Outcome of interest

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O in PICO Format.

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Watson's Science of Human Caring

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Caring theories demonstrate the value of the non-task-oriented aspects of nursing.

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Theory

answer

This term refers to an organized set of related ideas and concepts. It is answers the questions. A _____ is merely a way of viewing phenomena (reality); it defines and illustrates concepts and explains how they are related or linked. These can be, and are, changed.

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Theory helps us:

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■ Find meaning in our experiences (such as nursing) ■ Organize our thinking around an idea (such as caring) ■ Develop new ideas and insights into the work we do.

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Theories

answer

These are made up of assumptions, phenomena, concepts, definitions, and statements (or propositions).

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Assumptions

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Ideas that we take for granted we call what? They are the ideas that the theorist or researcher presumes to be true and does not intend to test with research.

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Phenomena

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This term refers to aspects of reality that you can observe and experience. These are the subject matter of a discipline (in that context, they are often called phenomena of concern) and you can think of _________ as marking the boundaries (domain) of a discipline—making one discipline unique from another

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Concept

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This term refers to a mental image of a phenomenon. It is formed by generalizing an abstract idea from your experiences and observations of events, objects, and properties, and it exists as a symbol (e.g., a word or picture) in your mind.

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Definition

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This is a statement of the meaning of a term or concept that sets forth the concept's characteristics or indicators—that is, the things that allow you to identify the concept. It may be general or specific.

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Theoretical definition, operational definition

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This refers to the conceptual meaning of a term, whereas an _________ _______ specifies how you would observe or measure the concept (e.g., when doing research).

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Examples of theoretical and operational definition:

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Theoretical definition: Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Operational definition: Pain is the patient's verbal statement that he is in pain.

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Statements,or propositions

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This term systematically describe the linkages and interactions among the concepts of a theory. The ______, taken as a whole, make up the theory.

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Watson's Ten Caring Processes:

answer

1. Forming a humanistic-altruistic system of values 2. Instilling faith and hope 3. Cultivating sensitivity to self and others 4. Forming helping and trusting relationships 5. Conveying and accepting the expression of positive and negative feelings 6. Systematically using the scientific problem-solving method that involves caring process 7. Promoting trans-personal teaching-learning 8. Providing for supportive; protective; and corrective mental, physical, sociocultural, and spiritual environment 9. Assisting with gratification of human needs 10. Sensitivity to existential-phenomenological forces

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Paradigm

answer

This is the worldview or ideology of a discipline. It is the broadest, most global conceptual framework of a discipline.

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Conceptual framework/theoretical framework

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This is a set of concepts that are related to form a whole or pattern.

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Model

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This is a symbolic representation of a framework or concepts—a diagram, graph, picture, drawing, or physical _____.

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Theory, model,and framework

answer

a. The terms ____, ______, ______ all refer to a group of related concepts. b. The terms differ in meaning, depending on the extent to which the set of concepts has been used and tested in practice and on the level of detail and organization of the concepts. c. A _____ has a higher level of research, detail, and organization of concepts than do _____ and ______.

question

Logical reasoning, reasoning

answer

Theories are developed through a specific way of thinking called ______ ______. Generally, you can think of _____ as connecting ideas in a way that makes sense

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Logical reasoning

answer

The purpose of this is to develop an argument or statement based on evidence that will result in a logical conclusion.

question

a. Inductive reasoning b. Deductive reasoning

answer

a. It moves from the specific to the general. b. It starts with a general premise and moves to a specific deduction.

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What Are the Essential Concepts of a Nursing Theory?

answer

There are four basic concepts: person, environment, health, and nursing.

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How Do Nurses Use Theories?

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Nursing theories try to describe, explain, and predict human behavior. The theory you use influences what you look for, what you notice, what you perceive as a problem, what outcomes you hope to achieve, and what interventions you will choose.

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Nursing theories serve as a guide for what?

answer

Assessment, problem identification, and choosing nursing interventions.

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Clinical practice

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These theories very specifically guide what you do each day. They are limited in scope—that is, they do not attempt to explain all of nursing.

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Nightingale's

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This historic nurse's theory emphasized the importance of the environment in the care of patients.

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Dr. Imogene Rigdon

answer

This Dr. developed a theory about bereavement of older women after noticing (and having an idea!) that older women handled grief differently from men and younger women

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Nola Pender's

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Whose theory on health promotion (see Chapter 27) is the basis for most health promotion teaching done by nurses.

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Dr. Katharine Kolcaba

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She developed a theory of holistic comfort in nursing, which provides a more holistic view than earlier theories of pain and anxiety.

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Who Are Some Important Nurse Theorists?

answer

- Florence Nightingale - Her "idea" was that more men would survive if they had a clean and healthy environment and nutritious food (so that the body could heal itself). - Virginia Henderson - Wrote Basic Principles of Nursing Care, was published by the International Council of Nursing in 1960 in 20 languages, her "idea" was that nurses deserve to know what it means to be a nurse. - Hildegard E. Peplaue was a psychiatric nurse who influenced the advancement of standards in nursing education, promoted self-regulation in nursing through credentialing, and was a strong advocate for advanced nursing practice. Dr. Peplau's idea was that health could be improved for psychiatric patients if there were a more effective way to communicate with them.

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Virginia Henderson's List of Basic Needs

answer

1. Breathe normally. 2. Eat and drink adequately. 3. Eliminate body wastes. 4. Move and maintain desirable posture. 5. Sleep and rest. 6. Select suitable clothes—dress and undress. 7. Maintain body temperature within normal range by adjusting clothing and modifying the environment. 8. Keep the body clean and well groomed, and protect the integument. 9. Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuring others. 10. Communicate with others in expressing emotions, needs, fears, or opinions. 11. Worship according to one's faith. 12. Work in such a way that there is a sense of accomplishment. 13. Play or participate in various forms of recreation. 14. Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health and use of the available health facilities.

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Who were The Caring Theorists?

answer

Dr. Jean Watson, Dr. Patricia Benner, and Dr. Madeleine Leininger - Benner: Caring is the central concept in Benner and Wrubel's primacy of caring model. The nurse's caring helps the client cope. - Leininger is the founder of transcultural nursing and was the first nurse in the United States to earn a doctoral degree in cultural and social anthropology

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Maslow's Hierarchy of Basic Human Needs

answer

Everyone has a dominant need, but it varies among individuals.

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Validation theory

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This theory (Feil, 2003) arises from social work and provides for a way to communicate with older people with dementia. The theory asks the caregiver to go where the demented person is in his own mind.

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Stress and Adaptation Theory

answer

Hans Selye (1993) developed the stress and adaptation theory. Some stress is good, but too much stress, called distress, results in physiological symptoms and eventual illness

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Developmental theories

answer

These theories look at life stages that individuals, groups, families, and communities progress through over time.

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System Theory

answer

Ludwig von Bertalanffy created system theory in the 1940s. One of the premises of systems theory is that all complex phenomena, regardless of their type, have some principles, laws, and organization in common. A system is made up of separate components (or subsystems), which constantly interact with each other and with other systems

question

Input

answer

The goal (function) of any system is to process _____ (the energy, information, or materials that enter the system) for use within the system or in the environment (everything outside the system) or both.

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Output

answer

This is the product or service that results from the system's throughput.

question

Throughput

answer

This consists of the processes the system uses to convert input (raw materials) into output (products).

question

Feedback

answer

This is information about some aspect of the processing that is used to monitor the system and make its performance more effective

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Open, closed

answer

These systems exchange information and energy freely with the environment. These systems have fixed, automatic relationships among their components and little give-and-take with the environment.

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Nine key

answer

These concepts of Watson's caring theory to describe how a theory influences your choice of nursing activities and approaches.

question

1. Holistic Nursing Care. 2. Honoring Personhood. 3. Transpersonal Caring Moments.

answer

1. This nursing care allows nurses to examine the complete person and his context when making healthcare decisions 2. The three caring theorists believe the patient is someone who deserves to be honored for individuality in behavior as well as needs 3. The concept of transpersonal caring is a moral ideal rather than a task-oriented behavior.

question

Name the five building blocks of a theory.

answer

Phenomena Concepts Definitions Assumptions Statements (or propositions)

question

What are the four essential concepts in a nursing theory?

answer

Nurse Person Health Environment

question

Define in a brief conceptual form or title the nursing theory of each nursing theorist :

answer

Florence Nightingale Improving the environment to enable the patient to heal himself Virginia Henderson Definition of nursing Hildegard Peplau Interpersonal relationships

question

Nurses borrow theories from others? Which?

answer

a. Maslow's Hierarchy of Basic Human Needs b. Validation theory c. Developmental theories (Erickson, Piaget, family theories, Kohlberg's and Gilligan's moral development theories) d. Selye's theory of stress and adaptation e. System theory

question

What are the five original levels of Maslow's basic human needs (not including cognitive needs, aesthetic needs, and transcendence)?

answer

Physiological Safety and security Love and belonging Self-esteem Self-actualization

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