Question 1

Absorption

Accepted Answer

the process by which drug molecules move from their site of administration to the blood

Question 2

Affinity

Accepted Answer

the ability of some tissues to attract, accumulate and store drugs in high concentrations relative to other tissues

Question 3

blood-brain barrier

Accepted Answer

Blood vessels (capillaries) that selectively let certain substances enter the brain tissue and keep other substances out

Question 4

diffusion

Accepted Answer

process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated

Question 5

distribution

Accepted Answer

the transport of drugs throughout the body after they are absorbed

Question 6

drug-protein complexes

Accepted Answer

formed when a drugh that binds reversibly to a plasma protein, particularly albumin, that makes the drug unavailable for distribution to its site of action

Question 7

enterohepatic recirculation

Accepted Answer

recycling of drugs and other substances by the circulation of bile through the intestine and liver

Question 8

enzyme induction

Accepted Answer

process by whick a drug increases the activity of the hepatic microsomal enzymes

Question 9

excretion

Accepted Answer

the process of removing substances from the body

Question 10

first-pass effect

Accepted Answer

mechanism whereby drugs are absorbed enter into the hepatic portal circulation and are inactivated by the liver before they reach the general circulation

Question 11

fetal-placental barrier

Accepted Answer

special anatomic barrier that inhibits many chemicals and drugs from entering the fetus

Question 12

hepatic microsomal enzyme system

Accepted Answer

as it relates to phamacotherapy, liver enzymes that metabolize drugs as well as nutrients and other endogenous substances, sometimes called the P-450 System

Question 13

isozymes

Accepted Answer

multiple similar forms of an enzyme that perform slightly different metabolic functions

Question 14

loading dose

Accepted Answer

relatively large dose of a drug given at the beginning of treatment to rapidly obtain a therapeutic response

Question 15

maintenance doses

Accepted Answer

amount of drug that keeps the plasma drug concentration in the therapeutic range

Question 16

metabolism

Accepted Answer

the process used by the body to chemically change a drug molecule, also called biotransformation

Question 17

minimum effective concentration

Accepted Answer

amount of drug required to produce a therapeutic effect

Question 18

pharmacokinetics

Accepted Answer

study of drug movement throughout the body

Question 19

plasma half-life

Accepted Answer

the length of time required for the plasma concentration of a drug to decrease by one half after administration

Question 20

prodrugs

Accepted Answer

drugs that become more active after they are metabolized

Question 21

substrate

Accepted Answer

drug that is metabolized by a CYP enzyme

Question 22

therapeutic drug monitoring

Accepted Answer

practice of monitoring plasma levels of drughs that have low safety profiles and using the data to predict drugh action or toxicity

Question 23

therapeutic range

Accepted Answer

dosage that produces the desired effects of a drug

Question 24

toxic concentration

Accepted Answer

level of drug that results in serious adverse effects

Question 25

agonist

Accepted Answer

drug that activates a receptor and produces the same type of response as the endogenous substance

Question 26

antagonist

Accepted Answer

agent that blocks the response of another drug

Question 27

dose-response relationship

Accepted Answer

the way a patient responds to varying doses of a drug

Question 28

efficacy

Accepted Answer

the maximal response that can be produced from a particular drug

Question 29

frequency distrubtion curve

Accepted Answer

a graphic representation of the actual number of patients responding to a particular drug action at different doses

Question 30

idiosyncratic response

Accepted Answer

unpredictable and unexplained drug reaction

Question 31

intrinsic activity

Accepted Answer

the ability of a drug to bind to a receptor and produce a strong action

Question 32

margin of safety (MOS)

Accepted Answer

the amount of drug that is lethal to 1% of anmals divided by the amount of drug that produces a therapeutic effect in 99% of the animals

Question 33

median effective dose (ED50)

Accepted Answer

the dose of a drug required to produce a specific therapeutic response in 50% of a group of patients

Question 34

median lethal dose (LD50)

Accepted Answer

the dose of a drug that will kill 50% if a group of animals

Question 35

median toxicity dose (TD50)

Accepted Answer

the dose that will produce a given toxicity in 50% of a group of patients

Question 36

partial agonist

Accepted Answer

medication that produces weaker or less efficacious response than an agonist

Question 37

pharmacodynamics

Accepted Answer

study of the mechanisms of drug action and how the body responds to drugs

Question 38

pharmacogenetics

Accepted Answer

the study of genetic variations that alter patients responses to medications branch of pharmacology that examines the role of genetics in drug response

Question 39

potency

Accepted Answer

the strength of a drug at a specified concentration or dose

Question 40

receptor

Accepted Answer

cellular molecule to which a drug binds to produce its effects

Question 41

second messenger

Accepted Answer

cascade of biochemical events taht intitiates a drugs action by either stimulationg or inhibiting a normal activity of the cell

Question 42

therapeutic index (LI)

Accepted Answer

the ratio of a drugs LD50 to its ED50

Question 43

additive effect

Accepted Answer

type of drug interaction in which two agents combine to produce a summation response

Question 44

adverse drug effect

Accepted Answer

an undesirable and potentially harmful action caused by the administration of medication

Question 45

Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS)

Accepted Answer

voluntary program that encourages health care providers and consumers to report suspected adverse efects directly to the FDA or the product manufacturer

Question 46

antagonistic effect

Accepted Answer

type of drug interactions in which adding a second drug results in a diminished pharmacologic response

Question 47

Black Box Warning

Accepted Answer

in some drug inserts, a requirement by the FDA that warns prescribers that the drug carries a risk for serious or fatal adverse effects

Question 48

drug allergies

Accepted Answer

a hyperresponse of body defenses to a particular drug that may result in a diverse range of patient symptoms

Question 49

drug interaction

Accepted Answer

occurs when a medication interacts with another substance such as another drug, a dietary supplement, an herbal product, or food that is taken concurrently with the medication, and the drugs actions are affected

Question 50

idiosyncratic response

Accepted Answer

unpredictiable and unexplained drug reaction

Question 51

risk-benefit ratio

Accepted Answer

determination of whether the risks form a drugh outweigh the potential benefits received by taking the medication

Question 52

side effect

Accepted Answer

types of drug effects that are less serious than adverse effects, are predictable and may occur even at therapeutic doses

Question 53

synergistic effect

Accepted Answer

type of drug interaction in which two drugs produce an effect that is much greater than would be expected form simply adding the two individual drugs responses

Question 54

teratogens

Accepted Answer

agent that causes birth defects

Question 55

medication administration record (MAR)

Accepted Answer

legal documentation of all pharmacotherapies received by the patient

Question 56

medication error

Accepted Answer

any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the health care provider, patient or consumer

Question 57

medication error index

Accepted Answer

categorization of medication errors according to the degree of harm an error can cause

Question 58

medication reconciliation

Accepted Answer

the process of keeping track of a patients medication as the patients care proceeds from one health care provider to another

Question 59

polypharmacy

Accepted Answer

taking multiple drugs concurrently

Question 60

risk management

Accepted Answer

system of reducing medication errors by modifying policies and procedures within the institution

Question 61

addiction

Accepted Answer

the continued use of a substance despite serious health and social consequences

Question 62

anterograde amnesia

Accepted Answer

type of short term memory loss where the user cannot remember events that occurred while under the influence of a drug

Question 63

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Accepted Answer

disorder typically diagnosed in childhood characterized by hyperactivity as well as attention, organization, and behavior control issues

Question 64

club drug

Accepted Answer

a diverse group of abused substances taken by people at dance clubs, all night parties and raves

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