Nursing Pharmacology – Flashcards

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Absorption
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the process by which drug molecules move from their site of administration to the blood
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Affinity
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the ability of some tissues to attract, accumulate and store drugs in high concentrations relative to other tissues
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blood-brain barrier
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Blood vessels (capillaries) that selectively let certain substances enter the brain tissue and keep other substances out
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diffusion
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process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated
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distribution
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the transport of drugs throughout the body after they are absorbed
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drug-protein complexes
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formed when a drugh that binds reversibly to a plasma protein, particularly albumin, that makes the drug unavailable for distribution to its site of action
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enterohepatic recirculation
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recycling of drugs and other substances by the circulation of bile through the intestine and liver
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enzyme induction
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process by whick a drug increases the activity of the hepatic microsomal enzymes
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excretion
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the process of removing substances from the body
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first-pass effect
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mechanism whereby drugs are absorbed enter into the hepatic portal circulation and are inactivated by the liver before they reach the general circulation
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fetal-placental barrier
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special anatomic barrier that inhibits many chemicals and drugs from entering the fetus
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hepatic microsomal enzyme system
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as it relates to phamacotherapy, liver enzymes that metabolize drugs as well as nutrients and other endogenous substances, sometimes called the P-450 System
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isozymes
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multiple similar forms of an enzyme that perform slightly different metabolic functions
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loading dose
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relatively large dose of a drug given at the beginning of treatment to rapidly obtain a therapeutic response
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maintenance doses
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amount of drug that keeps the plasma drug concentration in the therapeutic range
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metabolism
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the process used by the body to chemically change a drug molecule, also called biotransformation
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minimum effective concentration
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amount of drug required to produce a therapeutic effect
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pharmacokinetics
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study of drug movement throughout the body
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plasma half-life
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the length of time required for the plasma concentration of a drug to decrease by one half after administration
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prodrugs
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drugs that become more active after they are metabolized
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substrate
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drug that is metabolized by a CYP enzyme
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therapeutic drug monitoring
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practice of monitoring plasma levels of drughs that have low safety profiles and using the data to predict drugh action or toxicity
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therapeutic range
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dosage that produces the desired effects of a drug
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toxic concentration
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level of drug that results in serious adverse effects
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agonist
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drug that activates a receptor and produces the same type of response as the endogenous substance
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antagonist
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agent that blocks the response of another drug
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dose-response relationship
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the way a patient responds to varying doses of a drug
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efficacy
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the maximal response that can be produced from a particular drug
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frequency distrubtion curve
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a graphic representation of the actual number of patients responding to a particular drug action at different doses
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idiosyncratic response
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unpredictable and unexplained drug reaction
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intrinsic activity
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the ability of a drug to bind to a receptor and produce a strong action
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margin of safety (MOS)
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the amount of drug that is lethal to 1% of anmals divided by the amount of drug that produces a therapeutic effect in 99% of the animals
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median effective dose (ED50)
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the dose of a drug required to produce a specific therapeutic response in 50% of a group of patients
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median lethal dose (LD50)
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the dose of a drug that will kill 50% if a group of animals
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median toxicity dose (TD50)
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the dose that will produce a given toxicity in 50% of a group of patients
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partial agonist
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medication that produces weaker or less efficacious response than an agonist
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pharmacodynamics
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study of the mechanisms of drug action and how the body responds to drugs
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pharmacogenetics
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the study of genetic variations that alter patients responses to medications branch of pharmacology that examines the role of genetics in drug response
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potency
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the strength of a drug at a specified concentration or dose
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receptor
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cellular molecule to which a drug binds to produce its effects
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second messenger
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cascade of biochemical events taht intitiates a drugs action by either stimulationg or inhibiting a normal activity of the cell
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therapeutic index (LI)
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the ratio of a drugs LD50 to its ED50
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additive effect
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type of drug interaction in which two agents combine to produce a summation response
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adverse drug effect
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an undesirable and potentially harmful action caused by the administration of medication
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Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS)
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voluntary program that encourages health care providers and consumers to report suspected adverse efects directly to the FDA or the product manufacturer
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antagonistic effect
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type of drug interactions in which adding a second drug results in a diminished pharmacologic response
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Black Box Warning
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in some drug inserts, a requirement by the FDA that warns prescribers that the drug carries a risk for serious or fatal adverse effects
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drug allergies
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a hyperresponse of body defenses to a particular drug that may result in a diverse range of patient symptoms
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drug interaction
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occurs when a medication interacts with another substance such as another drug, a dietary supplement, an herbal product, or food that is taken concurrently with the medication, and the drugs actions are affected
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idiosyncratic response
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unpredictiable and unexplained drug reaction
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risk-benefit ratio
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determination of whether the risks form a drugh outweigh the potential benefits received by taking the medication
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side effect
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types of drug effects that are less serious than adverse effects, are predictable and may occur even at therapeutic doses
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synergistic effect
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type of drug interaction in which two drugs produce an effect that is much greater than would be expected form simply adding the two individual drugs responses
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teratogens
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agent that causes birth defects
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medication administration record (MAR)
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legal documentation of all pharmacotherapies received by the patient
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medication error
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any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the health care provider, patient or consumer
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medication error index
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categorization of medication errors according to the degree of harm an error can cause
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medication reconciliation
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the process of keeping track of a patients medication as the patients care proceeds from one health care provider to another
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polypharmacy
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taking multiple drugs concurrently
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risk management
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system of reducing medication errors by modifying policies and procedures within the institution
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addiction
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the continued use of a substance despite serious health and social consequences
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anterograde amnesia
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type of short term memory loss where the user cannot remember events that occurred while under the influence of a drug
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attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
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disorder typically diagnosed in childhood characterized by hyperactivity as well as attention, organization, and behavior control issues
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club drug
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a diverse group of abused substances taken by people at dance clubs, all night parties and raves
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controlled substance
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in the United States a drug whose use is restricted by the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act
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cross-tolerance
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situation in which tolerance to one drug makes the patient tolerant to another drug
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delirium tremens
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a syndrome of intense agitation confusion terrifying hallucinations uncontrollable tremors panic attacks and paranoia caused by alcohol withdrawl
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hallucinogens
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seeing hearing or feeling things that are not there
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opiods
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class of drugs that includes natural substances obtained from the seeds of the poppy plant such as opium morphine and codeine
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physical dependence
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condition of experiencing unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when a substance is discontinued after repeated use
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psychological dependence
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desire to continue using a drug despite obvious negative economic physical or social consequences
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reboud effects
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symptoms of lethargy and fatigue caused by withdrawal of methamphetamine and other stimulants
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reticular formation
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portion of the brain affecting awareness and wakefulness
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scheduled drugs
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in the United Statesa a term describing a drug placed into one of five categories based on it potential for misuse or abuse
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sedatives
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substances that depress the CNS and cause drowsiness or sleep
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substance abuse
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self-administration of a drug that does not conform to the medical or social norms within the patients given culture or society
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tachyphylaxis
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the rapid development of tolerance to any action of a drug either adverse or theapeutic effects
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tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
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the active chemical in marijuana
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tolerance
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process of adapting to a drug over a period of time and subsequently requiring higher doses to achieve the same effect
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withdrawl syndrome
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symptoms that result when a patient discontinues taking a substance on which he or she was dependent
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assessment
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appraisal of a patients condition that involves gathering and interpretubg subjective and objective data
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baseline data
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data gathered during the initial assessment that is compared wiht data gathered during later interactions
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evaluation
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systematic objective assessment of the effectiveness and impact of interventions
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evaluation criteria
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specific and measuable achievements that will be used to determine if a particular goal has been met
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evidence-based practice
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used of research observations nursing practice and clinical judgment to determine care
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goal
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what the patient should be able to achieve and do based on the problem or nursing diagnosis established from the assessment data
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implementation
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when the nurse applies the knowledge skills and principles of nursing care to help move the patient toward the desired goal and optimal wellness
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intervention
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nursing action that produces an effect or that is intended to alter the course of a disease or condition disigned to move the patient toward the desired goal
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nursing diagnoses
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list of proble.s that address the patients responses to health and life processes
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nursing process
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five part decision making system that includes assessment nursing diagnosis planning implementation and evaluation
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outcome
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statement that includes specific measurable evaluation criteria
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planning
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phase of nursing process in which appropriate goals and outcomes are developed and nursing interventions that will help the patient them are determined
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