Nursing Labs – Flashcards
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What does BUN stand for
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Blood urea nitrogen
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What is a normal BUN lab value
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5-25mg/dl, but higher in elderly
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where is Urea normally excreted?
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Kidneys
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The BUN test is used in conjunction with what other test?
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Creatinine values
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What is the BUN test used for?
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To detect a renal disorder or dehydration
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What factors increase the BUN
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Renal insufficiency/failture Dehydration GI bleed high protein diet Drug influences
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What can cause a Decreased BUN
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Low protein diet Overhydration malnutrition severe liver failture
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What are some Nursing implications to perform on a client with an abnormal BUN?
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Assess hydration status loos for a deficit or excess Assess dietary intake (protein) Monitor urine output. (I&O) Look for diuretics , nephrotoxic drugs (affect BUN)
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What is Creatinine test indicate?
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renal insufficiency or failture
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What is Creatinine?
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a by-product of muscle catabolism
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Where is creatinine excreted?
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kidneys
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what is a normal creatinine value?
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0.5-1.5 mg/dl (less in females)
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What factors can increase Creatinine?
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acute and chronic renal failture cancer prolonged shock diet high in BEEF drug influence
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What factors can decrease Creatinine?
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Pregnancy
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What should the nurse monitor if there is an abnormal creatinine?
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Monitor urine output assess for diet high in RED MEAT Examine ration of BUN to Creatinine
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If both the BUN and creatinine are elevated what does that mean?
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Renal Disease
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What if the Creatinine is normal but the BUN is elevated, what does that mean?
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dehydration
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What does GFR stand for?
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Glomerular filtration rate
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GFR is a specific indator of?
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Kidney function
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Why do we look at GFR?
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It is used in conjunction with creatinine level to diagnose SEVERITY of renal disease
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What are the 3 main measurements of blood glucose?
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Fasting blood glucose (FBS) HGB A1C Capillary sample (fingerstick, accu-check, glucose)
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What is a normal blood sugar for a normal adult?
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70-100mg/dl
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What is a prediabetic range?
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101-126
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What is a diabetic range?
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126 or greater
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What does A1C stand for?
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Glycosylated Hemoglobin
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What is gyco hemo a.k.a. A1C used for?
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best measurement of effectiveness of diabetic therapy, its an average of blood glucose level over a 1-4 month period
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Whats a normal lab value of A1C for a non-diabetic
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2-5%
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What is a A1C value for a controlled diabetic range
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2.5-6%
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What is an uncontrolled A1C's diabetics range
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8%
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What can cause an elevated fasting blood sugar level
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DM, cushings syndrome, stress, pancreattitis, Steriod drugs
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What can cause a decrease in fasting blood sugar level?
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hypoglycemia, malnutrition, cirrhosis
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What drug can impact blood glucose levels?
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Steroids
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What protein makes up more than half of plasma proteins?
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Albumin
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What organ in Albumin synthesized in?
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liver
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What is Albumin responsible for?
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maintaining plasma oncotic pressure
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What is normal Albumin lab values?
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3.5-5 g/dl
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What can increase ALBUMIN LEVELS?
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Severe dehydration severe vomiting severe dirrhea
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What can decrease Albumin levels
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severe malnutrition malabsorbtion liver failture/cirrhosis renal disease cancer preeclampsia
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What should the nurse do with a patient with distorted ablumin levels?
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monitor for prepherial edema assess skin integrity if edema is present increase protein intake
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What is included in a CBC?
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Hemoglobin and hematocrit RBC and indices WBC and differential Platelet count
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Where is Hgb found?
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protein found in RBS's
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what is Hgb composed of?
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Iron
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What does Hgb do?
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carries oxygen to blood tissues
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What is a normal Hgb value? male and female
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male- 13.5-17g/dl female- 12-15g/dl
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How is HCT measured? (hematocrit)
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Volume of RBS's of packed red blood cells per 100ml of blood
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What is a normal Hct value?
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male- 40-54% female- 36-46%
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What can cause H&H to decrease?
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acute blood loss anemia leukemia liver and kidney disease vitamin deficiency malnutrition
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What can increase H&H values?
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dehydration severe diarrhea polycythemia vera
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What is RBC indices
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measurement of the total RBC count as well as size, weight, and hemoglobin concentration of the RBC's
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What is RBC indices used for?
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used in differential diagnosis of type of Anemia
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What is a normal RBC
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Male- 4.6-6 million/u10*12) female- 4.0-5.0 9MILLION/U10*12)
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What does MCV stand for?
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mean corpuscular VOLUME
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What does MCH do?
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Weight of Hgb in the RBC regardless of size
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microcytic
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small
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normocytic
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normal
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macrocytic
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large
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MCHC is what?
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Hgb concentration per unit volume of RBS's
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Normal is called?
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normochromic
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Decreased is called?
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hypochromic (pale)
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RDW does what?
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indicated size differences of RBC's within a sample.
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RDW is useful in what?
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Predicting early anemia
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What is Anemia?
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lack of healthy RBC's
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Alterations in RBC indices equal what?
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decreased O2
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Name some symptoms of Iron deficiency
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microytic hypochromic (small and pale) chronic bleeding dietary
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Name some symptoms of B12 deficancy
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macrocytic dietary pernicious; lack of intrinsic factor
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Name some symptoms of folic acid?
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macrocytic normochromic (large and red) dietary
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microtic hyperchromic
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small pale
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macrocytic normochromic
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large and red
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What is the job of platelets?
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promote coagulation by sticking to rough and injured tissues
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What is a low platelet count a potential for?
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bleeding
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what is a normal platelet count?
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150000-400000 u
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What can cause a decreased platelet count?
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Thrombycytopenia cancer leukemia anemia liver disease drug influence
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What can cause an increased platelet count?
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polycythemia hemorrhage surgery fractures
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When someone has an abnormal platelet count what should the nurse assess?
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bleeding
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Where is PT synthesized iN?
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liver
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what is PT converted into?
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thrombin to form clots
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PT is used with INR to monitor what?
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oral anticoagulant, warfin and coumadin
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What is INR stand for?
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international normalized ratio
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PTT is used for?
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screening to detect clotting factor deficiencies
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PTT monitors what?
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HEPARIN THERAPY
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What is a normal PT value
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10-13 seconds
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what is a normal PTT value
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60-70 seconds
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What is normal PT for anticoag therapy
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1.5-2 x normal value
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What is normal PTT for anticoag therapy
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1.5-2.5 X normal value
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What is normal INR for anticoag therapy
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2.0-3.0
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What is a decreased PT/PTT/INR indicate?
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Thrombophlebitis MI PE Cancer Drug Influences
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What is an increased PT/PTT/INR indicate?
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anticoagulant therapy liver disease vitamin K deficancy genetic clotting factor disorder drug influences- ASA
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Your Momma says blood thinner, your nurse says
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anticoagulant
