nursing 224 chapters 5, 6,& 7 – Flashcards
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By what age will infants imitate a behavior that they watched a day before?
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9 months
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The fact that 3-month-olds do not spontaneously remember a kicking strategy that they learned two weeks earlier suggests that _____.
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infant memory is fragile
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The usual order of the development of spoken language in an infant is _____.
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reflexes, cooing, babbling, and spoken words
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What role does an infant's attention to facial expressions play in his or her understanding of language?
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????
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Which statement supports the sociocultural perspective of language learning?
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Toddlers learn new words best when they are taught in person.
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Research has found that child-directed speech is _____.
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spoken in a high pitch with simple vocabulary and short sentences
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To test an infants' depth perception, mothers attempt to lure their infants to cross a(n) _____,
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visual cliff
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The statement "Multiple attentional, social, and linguistic cues contribute to early language learning" supports the _____ theory of language learning.
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hybrid
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According to the social-pragmatic theory, infants communicate because _____.
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humans are social beings
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The use of prefixes, suffixes, intonation, verb forms, pronouns, and other parts of speech is known as _____.
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grammar
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Between 13 and 18 months, infants add approximately _____ new words.
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50
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Object permanence is demonstrated by an infant who _____.
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searches for a toy that has fallen from sight
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in Piaget's terminology, sensorimotor stage two is described as _____.
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first acquired adaptations
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Information-processing theory asserts that development _____, and Piaget's theory asserts that development _____.
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occurs daily; occurs in stages
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_____ is the understanding that objects continue to exist when they cannot be seen
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Object permanence
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The function of neurotransmitters is to _____.
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carry information from one neuron to another
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By 3 months of age, babies look closely at the eyes and mouth when studying faces. This change in focus is due to _____.
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improvements in visual scanning ability
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A child who is too short for his or her age due to severe malnutrition is suffering from a condition called _____.
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stunting
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An infant's inborn drive to remedy deficits is called _____.
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self-righting
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Slow-wave sleep _____.
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??? is also known as REM sleep
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The area in the brain that plans, anticipates, and controls impulses is the _____ cortex.
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prefrontal
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On average, which skill does an infant develop first?
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???walking well
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Brain cells are called _____.
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neurons
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The process through which unused dendrites atrophy is called _____.
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pruning
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Large movements that coordinate many parts of the body are known as _____ motor skills.
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gross
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Gross motor skills are _____.
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large movements
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In the United States, _____ percent of babies are breast-fed at birth, and _____ percent are breast-fed at 6 months.
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77; 48
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Research found that 3-year-olds _____ were better at recognizing differences in newborn faces.
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with younger siblings
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Whenever the eyes, ears, tongue, skin, or mouth detect a stimulus, a(n) _____ has occurred.
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sensation
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The ability to move and control some parts of the body is referred to as _____.
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motor skill
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Worldwide, only about 15 percent of infants receive daily care from _____.
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a paid, trained, nonrelative caregiver
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Which statement about emotional development in toddlers is true?
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Emotions like pride and humility are dependent on cultural values.
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A working model, according to cognitive theory _____.
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can be reorganized
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"Proximity-seeking" and "contact-maintaining" behaviors are displays of _____.
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attachment
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The lasting emotional bond that an infant forms with a caregiver is called _____.
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attachment
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The first crisis of life, according to Erikson, is _____.
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trust versus mistrust
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Which is NOT an essential characteristic of high-quality day care?
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a ratio of one adult to three infants
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Synchrony depends on _____.
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responsiveness and timing
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A child fixated in the oral stage may become an adult who _____.
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eats too much
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Usually, stranger wariness is first noticeable at _____ months.
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9
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According to Erikson's theory, what holds true for most toddlers?
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They want to gain a sense of control over their own bodies.
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Attachment in infants is definitely evident by the age of _____.
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6 months
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Distal parenting tends to produce children who are _____.
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self-aware
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In the United States, about 20 percent of infants are cared for _____ throughout their first year of life.
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exclusively by their mothers
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Allocare refers to the care of children by _____.
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people other than their biological parents
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Pruning is the process by which _____.
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unused connections between neurons are eliminated
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ost babies learn to grasp and hold onto objects by about _____ months old.
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6th
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A basic nerve cell in the central nervous system is called a(n) _____.
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???neuron
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The average North American newborn weighs _____ pounds at birth
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7
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At what point in development is the sense of hearing already quite acute?
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at birth
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Approximately how many hours per day does the average newborn spend asleep?
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15-17 hours
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The part of the brain that seems to be devoted to perceiving faces is the _____.
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fusiform face area
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Children as young as _____ old exhibit signs of the own-race effect.
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3 months
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Which statement describes the brain's cortex?
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It makes up the outer layers of the brain and is responsible for thinking, feeling, and sensing.
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For which illness is an immunization NOT available?
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malaria
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Infants prefer to stare at _____.
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???their pet dog while it scampers around the house
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Newborns prefer _____.
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their mother's language more than any other language
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_____ believed that children learn language by receiving adequate parental attention.
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B. F. Skinner
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Which theory compares human cognition to the workings of a computer?
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information-processing theory
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The statement "Multiple attentional, social, and linguistic cues contribute to early language learning" supports the _____ theory of language learning.
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hybrid
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On average, children begin saying recognizable words at around _____ months of age
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12
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Which of the following is one implication of mirror neurons for infant cognition?
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???Mirror neurons facilitate the understanding of objects earlier than Piaget asserted.
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A visual cliff is used to assess infants' _____.
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perception of depth
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Universal grammar is Chomsky's term for his observation that _____.
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???all young children master basic grammar according to a schedule
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_____ is the understanding that objects continue to exist when they cannot be seen.
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Object permanence
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The distinct language form known as "baby talk" is a _____.
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simplified language that adults use when talking to babies y>
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Which theorist said that children learn language as a result of reinforcements given by parents and caregivers?
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skinner
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According to Chomsky's theory of language acquisition, _____.
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???the inability to learn language is due to specific brain dysfunctions
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Erikson's second stage of development is called _____.
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autonomy versus shame and doubt
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Freud's stage that takes place in the second year is called _____.
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the anal stage
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When playing with their children, mothers are more likely than fathers to _____.
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play peek-a-boo and patty cake
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A baby searches the faces of her parents to see how to respond in unfamiliar situations. This is called _____.
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seperation anxiety
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A toddler in Freud's anal stage would also be at Erikson's _____.
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autonomy versus shame and doubt stage
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Allocare refers to the care of children by _____.
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engage in physical play
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A parent and a toddler meet someone who makes the parent nervous. The toddler will probably _____.
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act anxious
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What are the four categories of temperament suggested by the New York Longitudinal Study?
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easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up, hard-to-classify
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Day care in which several paid, trained providers care for many children in a space designed especially for the purpose of day care is a type of _____.
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allocare
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Another term for self-rule is _____.
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autonomy
