Nuclear Chemistry Flashcards with Answers

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question
Although typically the nucleus is less than one ten-thousandth the size of the atom, it contains what percentage of the mass of the atom?
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99.9
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What force holds the nucleus together?
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Strong (or nuclear)
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The time required for half the atoms of a radioactive nuclide to decay.
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Half-life
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Nucleons.
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Protons and neutrons
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An atom.
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Nuclide
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The difference betweeen the mass of an atom and the sum of the masses of its protons, neutrons, and electrons.
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Mass Defect
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The energy released when a nucleus is formed from nucleons.
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Nuclear Binding Energy
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The most stable nuclei have this ration of neutrons to protons.
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1:1
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Has it been found that the most stable nuclide have an even or odd number of nucleons?
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Even
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A reaction that affects the nucleus of an atom.
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Nuclear Reaction
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A change in the identity of a nucleus as a result of a change in the number of its protons.
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Transmutation
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What did Becquerel do on March 1, 1896 and why was it important?
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He wrapped a photographic plate with a lightproof covering and placed a uranium compound on top of it. Evne though he did not place it in sunlight, the plate was still exposed. This led to the discovery of radioactivity.
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The spontaneous disintegration of a nucleus into a slightly lighter nucleus, accompanied by emission of particles, electromagnetic radiation, or both.
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Radioactive Decay
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All of the nuclides beyond what atomic number on the periodic table are unstable and radioactive.
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83
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The charge of an alpha particle
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+2
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Two protons and two neutrons bound together and emitted from the nucleus during some kinds of radioactive decay.
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Alpha Particle
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An electron emitted from the nucleus during some kinds of radioactive decay.
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Beta Particle
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A particle that has the same mass as an electron, but has a positive charge, and is emitted during some kinds of radioactive decay.
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Positron
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High-energy electromagnetic waves emitted from a nucleus as it changes from an excited state to a ground energy state.
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Gamma Rays
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Occurs when an inner orbital electron is captured by the nucleus of its won atom.
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Electron Capture
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What is the half-life of Carbon-14?
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5715 years
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What is the half-life of Uranium-238?
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4.46E9 years
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A series of radioactive nuclides produced by successive radioactive decay until a stable nuclide is reached.
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Decay Series
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The heaviest nuclide of a decay series.
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Parent Nuclide
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The nuclides produced by the decay of the parent nuclides.
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Daughter Nuclides
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Elements with more than 92 protons in their nuclei.
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Transuranium Elements.
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Why is Carbon-14 important?
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It can be used to estimate the age of organic material up to about 50000 years old.
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The process by which the approximate age of an object is determined based on the amount of certain radioactive nuclides present.
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Radioactive Dating
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Process in which a very heavy nucleus splits into more-stable nuclei of intermediate mass.
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Fission
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A reaction in which the material that starts the reaction is also one of the products and can start another reaction.
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Chain Reaction
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How many neutrons are given off when uranum-235 fission occurs?
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2 or 3
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These use heat from nuclear reactors to produce electrical energy.
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Nuclear Power Plants
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The minimum amound of nuclide that provides the number of neutrons needed to sustain a chain reaction.
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Critical Mass
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These use controlled-fission chain reactions to produce energy or radioactive nuclides.
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Nuclear Reactors
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Light-mass nuclei combine to form a heavier, more stable nucleus.
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Nuclear Fusion
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Explain how to draw a nuclear symbol.
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Mass number over atomic number in front of the symbol
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Write the equation that shows the equivalency of mass and energy.
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E=mc2
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Where and when did the worse nuclear accident in the United States occur?
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Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania on March 28, 1979.
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Where and when did the worse nuclear accident in the world occur?
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April 26, 1986 in the former Soviet Union
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Ultimately, what was the main cause of the biggest three nuclear accidents (Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Tokiamura, Japan) in world history?
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Human Error
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What would be the products of the alpha decay of Uranium-233?
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Helium-4 and Thorium-229
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What would be the products of the beta decay of Magnesium-24?
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Aluminum-24 and a beta particle
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What would be the products of the positron decay of Potassium-38?
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Argon -38 and a positron
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What would be the product if Gallium-67 decays by electron capture?
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Zinc-67
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The stable nuclei cluster over a range of neutron-proton ratios.
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Band of Stability
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The numbers of nucleons that represent completed nuclear energy levels-2,8,20,28,50,82 and 126.
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Magic Numbers
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The difference between the mass of an atom and the sum of the masses of its protons, neutrons, and electrons.
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Mass Defect
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The energy released when a nucleus is formed from nucleons.
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Nuclear Binding Energy
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A reaction that affects the nucleus of an atom.
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Nuclear Reaction
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Nucleons exist in different energy levels, or shells, in the nucleus.
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Nuclear Shell Model
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A proton or neutron.
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Nucleon
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The process by which the approximate age of an object is determined based on the amount of certain radioactive nuclides present.
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Radioactive Dating
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The general term for any isotope of any element; another term for an atom that is identified by the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.
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Nuclide
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A change in the identity of a nucleus as a result of a change in the number of its protons.
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Transmutation
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Bombardment of stable nuclei with charged and uncharged particles.
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Artificial Transmutation
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The particles or electromagnetic radiation emitted from the nucleus during radioactive decay.
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Nuclear Radiation
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The spontaneous disintegration of a nucleus into a slightly lighter and more stable nucleus, accompanied by an emission of particles, electromagnetic radiation, or both.
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Radioactive Decay
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Unstable nucleus that undergoes radioactive decay.
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Radioactive Nuclide
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An element with more than 92 protons in its nucleus.
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Transuranium Element
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A device that uses exposure of film to measure the approximate radiation exposure of people working with radiation.
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Film Badge
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An instrument that detects radiation by counting electric pulses carried by gas ionized by radiation.
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Geiger-Muller Counter
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A radioactive atom that is incorporated into a substance so that movement of the substance can be followed by a radiation detector.
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Radioactive Tracer
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The quantity of ionizing radiation that does as much damage to human tissue as is done by 1 roentgen of high voltage X rays.
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rem
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A unit used to measure nuclear radiation; equal to the amount of radiation that produces 2E9 ion pairs when it passes through a cubic centimeter of dry air.
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Roentgen
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An instrument that converts scintillating light to an electric signal for detecting radiation.
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Scintillation Counter
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Neutron-absorbing rods that help control a nuclear reaction by controlling the number of free electrons.
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Control Rods
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A material used to slow down the fast neutrons produced by fission.[image][image]
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