Nuclear Chemistry Flashcards with Answers
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| Although typically the nucleus is less than one ten-thousandth the size of the atom, it contains what percentage of the mass of the atom? |
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| 99.9 |
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| What force holds the nucleus together? |
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| Strong (or nuclear) |
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| The time required for half the atoms of a radioactive nuclide to decay. |
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| Half-life |
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| Nucleons. |
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| Protons and neutrons |
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| An atom. |
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| Nuclide |
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| The difference betweeen the mass of an atom and the sum of the masses of its protons, neutrons, and electrons. |
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| Mass Defect |
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| The energy released when a nucleus is formed from nucleons. |
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| Nuclear Binding Energy |
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| The most stable nuclei have this ration of neutrons to protons. |
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| 1:1 |
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| Has it been found that the most stable nuclide have an even or odd number of nucleons? |
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| Even |
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| A reaction that affects the nucleus of an atom. |
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| Nuclear Reaction |
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| A change in the identity of a nucleus as a result of a change in the number of its protons. |
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| Transmutation |
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| What did Becquerel do on March 1, 1896 and why was it important? |
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| He wrapped a photographic plate with a lightproof covering and placed a uranium compound on top of it. Evne though he did not place it in sunlight, the plate was still exposed. This led to the discovery of radioactivity. |
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| The spontaneous disintegration of a nucleus into a slightly lighter nucleus, accompanied by emission of particles, electromagnetic radiation, or both. |
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| Radioactive Decay |
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| All of the nuclides beyond what atomic number on the periodic table are unstable and radioactive. |
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| 83 |
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| The charge of an alpha particle |
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| +2 |
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| Two protons and two neutrons bound together and emitted from the nucleus during some kinds of radioactive decay. |
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| Alpha Particle |
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| An electron emitted from the nucleus during some kinds of radioactive decay. |
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| Beta Particle |
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| A particle that has the same mass as an electron, but has a positive charge, and is emitted during some kinds of radioactive decay. |
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| Positron |
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| High-energy electromagnetic waves emitted from a nucleus as it changes from an excited state to a ground energy state. |
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| Gamma Rays |
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| Occurs when an inner orbital electron is captured by the nucleus of its won atom. |
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| Electron Capture |
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| What is the half-life of Carbon-14? |
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| 5715 years |
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| What is the half-life of Uranium-238? |
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| 4.46E9 years |
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| A series of radioactive nuclides produced by successive radioactive decay until a stable nuclide is reached. |
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| Decay Series |
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| The heaviest nuclide of a decay series. |
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| Parent Nuclide |
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| The nuclides produced by the decay of the parent nuclides. |
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| Daughter Nuclides |
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| Elements with more than 92 protons in their nuclei. |
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| Transuranium Elements. |
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| Why is Carbon-14 important? |
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| It can be used to estimate the age of organic material up to about 50000 years old. |
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| The process by which the approximate age of an object is determined based on the amount of certain radioactive nuclides present. |
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| Radioactive Dating |
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| Process in which a very heavy nucleus splits into more-stable nuclei of intermediate mass. |
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| Fission |
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| A reaction in which the material that starts the reaction is also one of the products and can start another reaction. |
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| Chain Reaction |
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| How many neutrons are given off when uranum-235 fission occurs? |
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| 2 or 3 |
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| These use heat from nuclear reactors to produce electrical energy. |
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| Nuclear Power Plants |
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| The minimum amound of nuclide that provides the number of neutrons needed to sustain a chain reaction. |
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| Critical Mass |
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| These use controlled-fission chain reactions to produce energy or radioactive nuclides. |
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| Nuclear Reactors |
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| Light-mass nuclei combine to form a heavier, more stable nucleus. |
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| Nuclear Fusion |
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| Explain how to draw a nuclear symbol. |
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| Mass number over atomic number in front of the symbol |
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| Write the equation that shows the equivalency of mass and energy. |
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| E=mc2 |
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| Where and when did the worse nuclear accident in the United States occur? |
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| Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania on March 28, 1979. |
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| Where and when did the worse nuclear accident in the world occur? |
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| April 26, 1986 in the former Soviet Union |
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| Ultimately, what was the main cause of the biggest three nuclear accidents (Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Tokiamura, Japan) in world history? |
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| Human Error |
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| What would be the products of the alpha decay of Uranium-233? |
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| Helium-4 and Thorium-229 |
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| What would be the products of the beta decay of Magnesium-24? |
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| Aluminum-24 and a beta particle |
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| What would be the products of the positron decay of Potassium-38? |
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| Argon -38 and a positron |
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| What would be the product if Gallium-67 decays by electron capture? |
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| Zinc-67 |
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| The stable nuclei cluster over a range of neutron-proton ratios. |
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| Band of Stability |
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| The numbers of nucleons that represent completed nuclear energy levels-2,8,20,28,50,82 and 126. |
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| Magic Numbers |
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| The difference between the mass of an atom and the sum of the masses of its protons, neutrons, and electrons. |
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| Mass Defect |
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| The energy released when a nucleus is formed from nucleons. |
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| Nuclear Binding Energy |
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| A reaction that affects the nucleus of an atom. |
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| Nuclear Reaction |
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| Nucleons exist in different energy levels, or shells, in the nucleus. |
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| Nuclear Shell Model |
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| A proton or neutron. |
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| Nucleon |
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| The process by which the approximate age of an object is determined based on the amount of certain radioactive nuclides present. |
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| Radioactive Dating |
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| The general term for any isotope of any element; another term for an atom that is identified by the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. |
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| Nuclide |
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| A change in the identity of a nucleus as a result of a change in the number of its protons. |
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| Transmutation |
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| Bombardment of stable nuclei with charged and uncharged particles. |
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| Artificial Transmutation |
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| The particles or electromagnetic radiation emitted from the nucleus during radioactive decay. |
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| Nuclear Radiation |
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| The spontaneous disintegration of a nucleus into a slightly lighter and more stable nucleus, accompanied by an emission of particles, electromagnetic radiation, or both. |
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| Radioactive Decay |
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| Unstable nucleus that undergoes radioactive decay. |
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| Radioactive Nuclide |
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| An element with more than 92 protons in its nucleus. |
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| Transuranium Element |
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| A device that uses exposure of film to measure the approximate radiation exposure of people working with radiation. |
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| Film Badge |
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| An instrument that detects radiation by counting electric pulses carried by gas ionized by radiation. |
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| Geiger-Muller Counter |
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| A radioactive atom that is incorporated into a substance so that movement of the substance can be followed by a radiation detector. |
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| Radioactive Tracer |
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| The quantity of ionizing radiation that does as much damage to human tissue as is done by 1 roentgen of high voltage X rays. |
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| rem |
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| A unit used to measure nuclear radiation; equal to the amount of radiation that produces 2E9 ion pairs when it passes through a cubic centimeter of dry air. |
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| Roentgen |
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| An instrument that converts scintillating light to an electric signal for detecting radiation. |
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| Scintillation Counter |
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| Neutron-absorbing rods that help control a nuclear reaction by controlling the number of free electrons. |
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| Control Rods |
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| A material used to slow down the fast neutrons produced by fission.[image][image] |
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| Moderator |
