Home Page Altered Mental Status NREMT Airway Management and Ventilation - Flashcards

NREMT Airway Management and Ventilation – Flashcards

Evie Nicholson

8 July 2022

question

Airway management and ventilation are...

answer

FIRST and MOST critical steps in assessment of every patient you encounter.

question

Lower airway anatomy

answer

trachea (C-shaped rings) bronchi (main stems) bronchioles (bronchiole rings)-have unique property: stimulated by drugs alveoli (perfusion takes place)-surfactant keeps them open lung parenchyma pleura (parietal and visceral)

question

Upper airway anatomy

answer

nose nasal cavity para-nasal sinus nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx larynx

question

Pediatric airway is different because...

answer

smaller jaw larger tongue cricoid cartilage is narrowest part of airway epiglottis is rounder and floppier

question

respiration is...

answer

the exchange of gases between organisms and it's environment

question

ventilation is....

answer

the mechanical process of moving air IN and OUT of the lungs

question

Pulmonary Circulation is...

answer

the perfusion of O2 and CO2

question

Diffusion...

answer

movement of gas from an area of HIGHER CONCENTRATION to area of lower concentration

question

Diffusion transfers gases between???

answer

LUNGS and BLOOD and BLOOD and PERIPHERAL TISSUES

question

Normal arterial pressures

answer

oxygen(PaO2)=100 torr Carbon dioxide(PaCO2)=35-45 avg.=40

question

SPO2 and ETCO2

answer

SPO2=94-100 ETCO2=40

question

Factors affecting O2 concentration in Blood...

answer

decreased hemoglobin concentration inadequate alveolar ventilation decreased diffusion across pulmonary membrane, when diffusion distance increases, or pulmonary membrane changes Ventilation/perfusion mismatch occurs when portion of alveoli collapses

question

Factors affecting CO2 concentrations in Blood...

answer

Lowers CO2 levels are due to increased respiratory rates or deeper respiration or hyperventilation and Higher CO2 levels are caused by: fever, muscle exertion, shivering, or metabolic processes resulting in the formation of metabolic acids

question

So, a pt. w/ a PaCO2 of 30 will be...

answer

ALKALOTIC thus decreasing respiratory rate...

question

Respiratory Rate

answer

is INVOLUNTARY however can be VOLUNTARILY controlled. chemical and physical mechanisms provide involuntary impulses to correct breathing irregularities

question

chemoreceptors are located in...

answer

carotid bodies arch of the aorta and medulla

question

baroreceptors in carotid artery

answer

regulate BP stimulated by decreased PaCO2, increased PaCO2, and decreased PH

question

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)pH

answer

primary control of respiratory center

question

main respiratory center

answer

medulla (neurons in medulla initiate impulses that produce respiration)

question

apneustic center

answer

assumes respiratory control if the medulla fails to initiate impluse

question

pneumotaxic center

answer

controls respiration

question

Stretch receptors (HERING BREUER REFLEX)

answer

prevents over expansion of the lungs

question

Normal respiratory rates:

answer

adults: 12-20 pedi: 18-24 infant: 40-60

question

airway obstruction caused by:

answer

foreign bodies trauma laryngeal spasm edema aspiration MOST COMMON OBSTRUCTION: YOUR TONGUE...

question

Respiratory system assessment:

answer

is airway patent? is breathing adequate? look, listen, feel

question

respiratory physical exam:

answer

inspection (mouth, nose) skin color (flush, pale, blue) pt. position dyspnea modified form of respiration rate, pattern, mentation, auscultation listen at mouth and nose for adequate air movement stethoscope for normal or abnormal air movement auscultation anterior and posterior

question

kussmaul's respirations

answer

deep slow or rapid gasping (common in DKA)

question

cheyne-stokes respirations

answer

progressively deeper, faster, breathing and alternating gradually with shallow, slower, breathing (indication of brain stem injury)

question

agonal respirations

answer

shallow slow or infrequent (indicating brain anoxia)

question

disruption in ventilation caused by

answer

nervous system trauma poison over dose disease

question

airway sounds:

answer

stridor wheezing rales rhonchi snoring crackles

question

palpate chest wall for:

answer

tenderness symmetry abnormal motion crepitus subcutaneous emphysema

question

monitoring devices for airway

answer

ETCO2 electronic and colormetric SPO2 esophageal detector device EDD (bulb refills easily upon release indicates correct placement of ET tube)

question

manual airway maneuvers

answer

head tilt/chin lift modified jaw thrust (used in trauma b/c C-collar) jaw-thrust maneuver sellick's maneuver (cricoid pressure) jaw lift maneuver

question

basic mechanical airways

answer

nasopharyngeal airway (NPA) or oropharyngeal airway (OPA)-tip facing palate & rotate 180 degrees into position

question

advanced airway management

answer

Endotracheal intubation is performed if basic airway management is NOT effective

question

Laryngoscope blades:

answer

Macintosh blade (vallecula) or Miller blade (lifts up the epiglottis)

question

ET intubation indicators:

answer

cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, unconsciousness risk aspiration or obstruction from foreign bodies trauma, burns, anaphylaxis, respiratory extremis due to disease pneumothorax, hemo-thorax, hemo-pneumothorax w/ respiratory difficulty

question

complications ET intubation:

answer

equipment malfunction teeth breakage or soft tissue lacerations hypoxia-esophageal intubation, endo-bronchial intubation, or due to TIME tension pneumothorax

question

advantages of ET intubation:

answer

isolates trachea and permits complete control of airway impedes gastric distention eliminates need to maintain mask seal offers direct route suctioning administration of medications

question

disadvantages of ET intubation:

answer

considerable training and experience requires special equipment requires direct visual of vocal cords bypasses upper airway functions of warming, filtering and humidifying the air

question

after ETT intubation:

answer

Check, Check, Check and check again... don't be a D.O.P.E. DISLODGE Obstruction Pneumo Equipment

question

Foreign body removal with direct visualization...

answer

Magill forceps

question

Nasotracheal intubation useful when?

answer

possible spinal injury clenched teeth fractured jaw oral injuries or recent oral surgery facial or airway swelling obesity arthritis

question

other advanced airways:

answer

esophageal CombiTube laryngeal mask airway pharyngo-tracheal lumen airway exophageal gastric tube esophageal obturator airway (EOA)

question

surgical airway when:

answer

inability to establish airway any other way... Jet ventilation w/ cricothrotomy-14G w/ positive pressure air delivery anatomical landmarks for cricothrotomy: between cricoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage make a 1cm horizontal incision through the cricothyroid membrane

question

O2 delivery devices % O2 delivery:

answer

N/C- 40% simple face mask- 40%-60% NRB-80%-95% BVM w/ reservoir- 100% BVM w/o reservoir- 21%

question

ventilation methods:

answer

mouth to mouth mouth to nose bag valve devise demand valve devise automatic transport ventilator

question

Ventilating a patient proper tidal volume

answer

5-10 cc/kg

question

adult respiratory distress syndrome is what type of lung injury...

answer

CHRONIC. CHRONIC. CHRONIC... a lung injury

question

ARDS causes:

answer

sepsis, aspiration, pneumonia, pulmonary injury, burns/inhalation injury, drugs, high altitude, hypothermia...

question

pathophysiology of ARDS:

answer

affects interstitial fluid, causes INCREASE of fluid in interstitial space, and disrupts diffusion and perfusion.. (high mortality, by multiple organ failure)

question

ARDS assessment:

answer

abnormal breath sounds & CRACKLES and RALES

question

Management of ARDS:

answer

manage underlying condition, provide O2, support respiratory effort, provide PPV if respiratory failure is imminent. monitor cardiac rhythm, V/S MEDS: corticosteroids

question

Obstructive Lung Disease:

answer

emphysema chronic bronchitis asthma (causes: genetic disposition, smoking, allergies, and other risk factors)

question

atelectasis

answer

destruction of alveolar wall causing poor perfusion

question

emphysema pathophysiology:

answer

exposure to noxious substances, exposure results in destruction of alveoli walls(atelectasis) causing poor perfusion weakens walls of small bronchioles and results in INCREASE RESIDUAL VOLUME loss of elasticity causes increased pressure right sided heart failure RHF failure-Cor Pulmonale Polycythemia Increased infection & Dysrhythmia

question

emphysema assessment:

answer

Barrel chest prolonged expiration and rapid rest phase thin, pink, skin due to extra red cell production hypertrophy of accessory muscles

question

EMPHYSEMA

answer

PINK PUFFER PUFFER SMOKERS PINK PUFFER PUFF PUFF PUFF

question

Chronic bronchitis pathophysiology

answer

result from increase in mucus-secreting cells in respiratory tree alveoli relatively unaffected decreased alveolar ventilation

question

Chronic bronchitis history:

answer

frequent infections productive cough smoker HAS BEEN GOING ON FOR YEARS...

question

chronic bronchitis exam:

answer

often overweight rhonchi present on auscultation JVD, JVD, JVD ankle edema hepatic congestion "BLUE BLOATER"

question

Bronchitis & Emphysema management:

answer

maintain airway, support breathing, monitor SpO2 position of comfort be prepared to ventilate or intubate monitor cardiac rhythm, IV access, MEDS: bronchodilators & corticosteroids

question

asthma pathophysiology

answer

chronic inflammatory disorder results in widespread but variable air flow obstruction. airway becomes hyper responsive induced by a trigger, varies by individual trigger causes histamine release causing: bronchoconstriction and bronchial edema 6-8 hours later immune system cells invade bronchial mucosa and cause additional edema...

question

asthma exam:

answer

dyspnea wheezing (in some NOT ALL) cough speech 1-2 consecutive words hyperinflation of chest and accessory muscle use. auscultate breath sounds and measure peak expiratory flow rate. may stop breathing b/c decreased lung capacity

question

asthma management:

answer

correct hypoxia, reverse bronchospasm, reduce inflammation maintain airway, support breathing, high flow O2, assist ventilations, monitor cardiac rhythm, IV MEDS: BETA-AGONISTS, IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE, CORTICOSTEROIDS

question

status asthmaticus

answer

severe prolonged asthma attack that can NOT be broken by bronchodilators, greatly diminished breath sounds, RECOGNIZE IMMINENT RESPIRATORY ARREST. AGGRESSIVELY MANAGE AIRWAY/BREATHING. transport immediately MEDS: need albuterol continuously

question

Upper respiratory infection

answer

URI above the GLOTTIC OPENING

question

URI

answer

frequent pt. complaint common pediatric complaint rarely life threatening

question

Worst URI

answer

EPIGOLOTITIS

question

Pneumonia pathophysiology

answer

infection in lungs, problem in immune suppressed pt. bacterial and viral hospital acquired vs. community acquired infection spread throughout the lungs alveoli may collapse resulting in ventilation disorder

question

pneumonia management

answer

maintain airway, support breathing, high flow O2, assist ventilation, monitor V/S, IV access MEDS: AVOID FLUID OVERLOAD, ANTIPYRETICS, BETA-AGONISTS

question

Toxic inhalation pathophysiology

answer

heated air, chemical irritants, steam airway obstruction due to edema and laryngospasm due to thermal and chemical burns

question

toxic inhalation assessment:

answer

focused history and physical exam SAMPLE/OPQRST determine nature of substance, length of exposure, and LOC

question

toxic inhalation management:

answer

SCENE SAFE FIRST... SCENE SAFE... only enter with proper training and equipment. remove pt. from toxic environment. maintain airway, early aggressive management indicated, support breathing, IV access, TRANSPORT PROMPTLY.

question

Carbon Monoxide Inhalation

answer

Carbon Monoxide is odorless, colorless gas, results from combustion of carbon-containing compounds. Often builds up to dangerous level in confined spaces.

question

Carbon Monoxide Inhalation pathophysiology:

answer

binds to Hemoglobin 200-300 times affinity of oxygen (way sticker) prevents O2 from binding and creates hypoxia on cellular level.

question

Carbon Monoxide Inhalation assessment:

answer

focused history and physical exam SAMPLE/OPQRST, length of exposure presence of headache, confusion, agitation, lack of coordination, loss of consciousness, and seizures

question

Carbon Monoxide Inhalation management:

answer

SCENE SAFE...SCENE SAFE... only enter if properly trained and with proper equipment, remove pt. from toxic environment, maintain airway, support breathing, high flow O2, assist ventilation, IV access, transport. (hyperbaric chamber)

question

Pulmonary Embolism

answer

SpO2 in tank ETCO2 in tank

question

pulmonary Embolism pathophysiology:

answer

obstruction pulmonary artery (typically occurs in Right Heart) emboli may be air, thrombus, fat, amniotic, foreign bodies may cause an embolus

question

PE risk factors:

answer

recent surgery, long-bone f(x), pregnancy (pregnant or postpartum), oral contraceptive use, tobacco use, IDDM, PE

question

PE assessment:

answer

focused history and physical exam, SAMPLE/OPQRST presence of risk factors, unexplained tachycardia, sudden severe dyspnea & pain, pain w/ inhalation and exhalation, cough, cough is often blood tinged

question

PE exam:

answer

anxiety syncopy diaphoretic JVD hypotension warm swollen extremities

question

PE management:

answer

maintain airway, support breathing, high flow O2, assist ventilations indicated, ETT intubation may be indicated, IV access, monitor V/S, transport to appropriate facility.

question

spontaneous pneumothorax:

answer

occurs in the absence of blunt or penetrating trauma

question

spontaneous pneumothorax risk factors:

answer

young, tall, skinny, lanky, males

question

spontaneous pneumothorax assessment:

answer

focused history and physical exam, SAMPLE/OPQRST presence of risk factors, rapid onset of symptoms, sharp, pleuritic chest or shoulder pain. OFTEN precipitated by COUGH or LIFTING.

question

spontaneous pneumothorax exam:

answer

decreased or absent breath sounds on affected side, tachypnea, diaphoresis, and pallor

question

spontaneous pneumothorax management:

answer

maintain airway, support breathing, monitor for tension pneumothorax, pleural decompression may be indicated if patient is cyanotic, hypoxic, and difficult to ventilate. JVD and tracheal deviation away from affected side.

question

hyperventilation syndrome assessment:

answer

focused history and physical exam, SAMPLE/OPQRST fatigue, nervousness, dizziness, dyspnea, chest pain, numbness and tingling in hands, mouth, and feet. Presence of tachypnea and tachycardia. spasms of the fingers and feet. (you'll see 100% SPO2 w/ Low ETCO2)

question

hyperventilation syndrome management:

answer

maintain airway, support breathing, high flow O2, assist ventilations indicated. DO NOT ALLOW PATIENT TO REBREATHE EXHALED AIR. Reassure the patient.............

question

CNS dysfunction pathophysiology:

answer

causes include traumatic/atraumatic brain injury, tumors, and drugs.

question

CNS assessment:

answer

evaluate potentially treatable causes such as narcotic drug OverDose or CNS trauma. Evaluate breathing pattern.

question

CNS management:

answer

general management principles, maintain airway, support breathing, use C-spine precautions if indicated.

question

Dysfunction Spinal cord, Nerves, or Respiratory muscles pathophysiology:

answer

PNS problems affecting respiratory function may include trauma, polio, myasthenia gravis, viral infections, tumors

question

Dysfunction Spinal cord, Nerves, or Respiratory muscles assessment:

answer

rule out traumatic injury, assess for numbness, pain, or signs PNS dysfunction

question

Dysfunction Spinal cord, Nerves, or Respiratory muscles management:

answer

general management principles. maintain airway, support breathing. use C-spine precautions if indicated.

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question

Airway management and ventilation are...

answer

FIRST and MOST critical steps in assessment of every patient you encounter.

question

Lower airway anatomy

answer

question

Upper airway anatomy

answer

nose nasal cavity para-nasal sinus nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx larynx

question

Pediatric airway is different because...

answer

smaller jaw larger tongue cricoid cartilage is narrowest part of airway epiglottis is rounder and floppier

question

respiration is...

answer

the exchange of gases between organisms and it's environment

question

ventilation is....

answer

the mechanical process of moving air IN and OUT of the lungs

question

Pulmonary Circulation is...

answer

the perfusion of O2 and CO2

question

Diffusion...

answer

movement of gas from an area of HIGHER CONCENTRATION to area of lower concentration

question

Diffusion transfers gases between???

answer

LUNGS and BLOOD and BLOOD and PERIPHERAL TISSUES

question

Normal arterial pressures

answer

oxygen(PaO2)=100 torr Carbon dioxide(PaCO2)=35-45 avg.=40

question

SPO2 and ETCO2

answer

SPO2=94-100 ETCO2=40

question

Factors affecting O2 concentration in Blood...

answer

question

Factors affecting CO2 concentrations in Blood...

answer

question

So, a pt. w/ a PaCO2 of 30 will be...

answer

ALKALOTIC thus decreasing respiratory rate...

question

Respiratory Rate

answer

is INVOLUNTARY however can be VOLUNTARILY controlled. chemical and physical mechanisms provide involuntary impulses to correct breathing irregularities

question

chemoreceptors are located in...

answer

carotid bodies arch of the aorta and medulla

question

baroreceptors in carotid artery

answer

regulate BP stimulated by decreased PaCO2, increased PaCO2, and decreased PH

question

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)pH

answer

primary control of respiratory center

question

main respiratory center

answer

medulla (neurons in medulla initiate impulses that produce respiration)

question

apneustic center

answer

assumes respiratory control if the medulla fails to initiate impluse

question

pneumotaxic center

answer

controls respiration

question

Stretch receptors (HERING BREUER REFLEX)

answer

prevents over expansion of the lungs

question

Normal respiratory rates:

answer

adults: 12-20 pedi: 18-24 infant: 40-60

question

airway obstruction caused by:

answer

foreign bodies trauma laryngeal spasm edema aspiration MOST COMMON OBSTRUCTION: YOUR TONGUE...

question

Respiratory system assessment:

answer

is airway patent? is breathing adequate? look, listen, feel

question

respiratory physical exam:

answer

question

kussmaul's respirations

answer

deep slow or rapid gasping (common in DKA)

question

cheyne-stokes respirations

answer

progressively deeper, faster, breathing and alternating gradually with shallow, slower, breathing (indication of brain stem injury)

question

agonal respirations

answer

shallow slow or infrequent (indicating brain anoxia)

question

disruption in ventilation caused by

answer

nervous system trauma poison over dose disease

question

airway sounds:

answer

stridor wheezing rales rhonchi snoring crackles

question

palpate chest wall for:

answer

tenderness symmetry abnormal motion crepitus subcutaneous emphysema

question

monitoring devices for airway

answer

ETCO2 electronic and colormetric SPO2 esophageal detector device EDD (bulb refills easily upon release indicates correct placement of ET tube)

question

manual airway maneuvers

answer

head tilt/chin lift modified jaw thrust (used in trauma b/c C-collar) jaw-thrust maneuver sellick's maneuver (cricoid pressure) jaw lift maneuver

question

basic mechanical airways

answer

nasopharyngeal airway (NPA) or oropharyngeal airway (OPA)-tip facing palate & rotate 180 degrees into position

question

advanced airway management

answer

Endotracheal intubation is performed if basic airway management is NOT effective

question

Laryngoscope blades:

answer

Macintosh blade (vallecula) or Miller blade (lifts up the epiglottis)

question

ET intubation indicators:

answer

question

complications ET intubation:

answer

equipment malfunction teeth breakage or soft tissue lacerations hypoxia-esophageal intubation, endo-bronchial intubation, or due to TIME tension pneumothorax

question

advantages of ET intubation:

answer

isolates trachea and permits complete control of airway impedes gastric distention eliminates need to maintain mask seal offers direct route suctioning administration of medications

question

disadvantages of ET intubation:

answer

considerable training and experience requires special equipment requires direct visual of vocal cords bypasses upper airway functions of warming, filtering and humidifying the air

question

after ETT intubation:

answer

Check, Check, Check and check again... don't be a D.O.P.E. DISLODGE Obstruction Pneumo Equipment

question

Foreign body removal with direct visualization...

answer

Magill forceps

question

Nasotracheal intubation useful when?

answer

possible spinal injury clenched teeth fractured jaw oral injuries or recent oral surgery facial or airway swelling obesity arthritis

question

other advanced airways:

answer

esophageal CombiTube laryngeal mask airway pharyngo-tracheal lumen airway exophageal gastric tube esophageal obturator airway (EOA)

question

surgical airway when:

answer

question

O2 delivery devices % O2 delivery:

answer

N/C- 40% simple face mask- 40%-60% NRB-80%-95% BVM w/ reservoir- 100% BVM w/o reservoir- 21%

question

ventilation methods:

answer

mouth to mouth mouth to nose bag valve devise demand valve devise automatic transport ventilator

question

Ventilating a patient proper tidal volume

answer

5-10 cc/kg

question

adult respiratory distress syndrome is what type of lung injury...

answer

CHRONIC. CHRONIC. CHRONIC... a lung injury

question

ARDS causes:

answer

sepsis, aspiration, pneumonia, pulmonary injury, burns/inhalation injury, drugs, high altitude, hypothermia...

question

pathophysiology of ARDS:

answer

affects interstitial fluid, causes INCREASE of fluid in interstitial space, and disrupts diffusion and perfusion.. (high mortality, by multiple organ failure)

question

ARDS assessment:

answer

abnormal breath sounds & CRACKLES and RALES

question

Management of ARDS:

answer

manage underlying condition, provide O2, support respiratory effort, provide PPV if respiratory failure is imminent. monitor cardiac rhythm, V/S MEDS: corticosteroids

question

Obstructive Lung Disease:

answer

emphysema chronic bronchitis asthma (causes: genetic disposition, smoking, allergies, and other risk factors)

question

atelectasis

answer

destruction of alveolar wall causing poor perfusion

question

emphysema pathophysiology:

answer

question

emphysema assessment:

answer

Barrel chest prolonged expiration and rapid rest phase thin, pink, skin due to extra red cell production hypertrophy of accessory muscles

question

EMPHYSEMA

answer

PINK PUFFER PUFFER SMOKERS PINK PUFFER PUFF PUFF PUFF

question

Chronic bronchitis pathophysiology

answer

result from increase in mucus-secreting cells in respiratory tree alveoli relatively unaffected decreased alveolar ventilation

question

Chronic bronchitis history:

answer

frequent infections productive cough smoker HAS BEEN GOING ON FOR YEARS...

question

chronic bronchitis exam:

answer

often overweight rhonchi present on auscultation JVD, JVD, JVD ankle edema hepatic congestion "BLUE BLOATER"

question

Bronchitis & Emphysema management:

answer

maintain airway, support breathing, monitor SpO2 position of comfort be prepared to ventilate or intubate monitor cardiac rhythm, IV access, MEDS: bronchodilators & corticosteroids

question

asthma pathophysiology

answer

question

asthma exam:

answer

question

asthma management:

answer

question

status asthmaticus

answer

question

Upper respiratory infection

answer

URI above the GLOTTIC OPENING

question

URI

answer

frequent pt. complaint common pediatric complaint rarely life threatening

question

Worst URI

answer

EPIGOLOTITIS

question

Pneumonia pathophysiology

answer

question

pneumonia management

answer

maintain airway, support breathing, high flow O2, assist ventilation, monitor V/S, IV access MEDS: AVOID FLUID OVERLOAD, ANTIPYRETICS, BETA-AGONISTS

question

Toxic inhalation pathophysiology

answer

heated air, chemical irritants, steam airway obstruction due to edema and laryngospasm due to thermal and chemical burns

question

toxic inhalation assessment:

answer

focused history and physical exam SAMPLE/OPQRST determine nature of substance, length of exposure, and LOC

question

toxic inhalation management:

answer

question

Carbon Monoxide Inhalation

answer

Carbon Monoxide is odorless, colorless gas, results from combustion of carbon-containing compounds. Often builds up to dangerous level in confined spaces.

question

Carbon Monoxide Inhalation pathophysiology:

answer

binds to Hemoglobin 200-300 times affinity of oxygen (way sticker) prevents O2 from binding and creates hypoxia on cellular level.

question

Carbon Monoxide Inhalation assessment:

answer

focused history and physical exam SAMPLE/OPQRST, length of exposure presence of headache, confusion, agitation, lack of coordination, loss of consciousness, and seizures

question

Carbon Monoxide Inhalation management:

answer

question

Pulmonary Embolism

answer

SpO2 in tank ETCO2 in tank

question

pulmonary Embolism pathophysiology:

answer

obstruction pulmonary artery (typically occurs in Right Heart) emboli may be air, thrombus, fat, amniotic, foreign bodies may cause an embolus

question

PE risk factors:

answer

recent surgery, long-bone f(x), pregnancy (pregnant or postpartum), oral contraceptive use, tobacco use, IDDM, PE

question

PE assessment:

answer

focused history and physical exam, SAMPLE/OPQRST presence of risk factors, unexplained tachycardia, sudden severe dyspnea & pain, pain w/ inhalation and exhalation, cough, cough is often blood tinged

question

PE exam:

answer

anxiety syncopy diaphoretic JVD hypotension warm swollen extremities

question

PE management:

answer

maintain airway, support breathing, high flow O2, assist ventilations indicated, ETT intubation may be indicated, IV access, monitor V/S, transport to appropriate facility.

question

spontaneous pneumothorax:

answer

occurs in the absence of blunt or penetrating trauma

question

spontaneous pneumothorax risk factors:

answer

young, tall, skinny, lanky, males

question

spontaneous pneumothorax assessment:

answer

focused history and physical exam, SAMPLE/OPQRST presence of risk factors, rapid onset of symptoms, sharp, pleuritic chest or shoulder pain. OFTEN precipitated by COUGH or LIFTING.

question

spontaneous pneumothorax exam:

answer

decreased or absent breath sounds on affected side, tachypnea, diaphoresis, and pallor

question

spontaneous pneumothorax management:

answer

question

hyperventilation syndrome assessment:

answer

question

hyperventilation syndrome management:

answer

maintain airway, support breathing, high flow O2, assist ventilations indicated. DO NOT ALLOW PATIENT TO REBREATHE EXHALED AIR. Reassure the patient.............

question

CNS dysfunction pathophysiology:

answer

causes include traumatic/atraumatic brain injury, tumors, and drugs.

question

CNS assessment:

answer

evaluate potentially treatable causes such as narcotic drug OverDose or CNS trauma. Evaluate breathing pattern.

question

CNS management:

answer

general management principles, maintain airway, support breathing, use C-spine precautions if indicated.

question

Dysfunction Spinal cord, Nerves, or Respiratory muscles pathophysiology:

answer

PNS problems affecting respiratory function may include trauma, polio, myasthenia gravis, viral infections, tumors

question

Dysfunction Spinal cord, Nerves, or Respiratory muscles assessment:

answer

rule out traumatic injury, assess for numbness, pain, or signs PNS dysfunction

question

Dysfunction Spinal cord, Nerves, or Respiratory muscles management:

answer

general management principles. maintain airway, support breathing. use C-spine precautions if indicated.

NREMT Airway Management and Ventilation – Flashcards

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