Nonspecific Host Defenses – Flashcards
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| What must be compromised if bugs were to enter? |
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| skin and mucous membranes |
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| What line of defense is specific? |
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| third ( first and second are nonspecific ) |
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| TF Nonspecific will attack with the same intensity every time it attacks |
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| T |
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| What are the nonspecific host defense mechanisms? 6 |
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| mechanical/physical barriers, chemical factors, microbial antagonism by normal flora, fever, inflammatory response, phagocytic white blood cells |
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| What is the first line of defense? |
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| skin and mucous membranes |
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| What are the chemical factors of skin and mucous membranes? |
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| dryness, acidity, fatty acids, perspiration, and mucous |
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| What do you find in mucous membranes? |
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| tons of antibacterials (lysozyme, lactoferrin, lactoperoxidases |
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| what are all the "first line of defense" |
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| skin and mucous membranes, respiratory system, digestive system, GI tract, microbial antagonism |
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| What structures in the respiratory system help it to be a first line of defense |
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| hair, mucous membranes, sinuses, cilia, phagocytes, lysozymes |
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| What helps the stomach be a first line of defense? 4 things |
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| digestive enzymes, acidity of stomach, alkalinity of intestines, bile |
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| What helps the GI trat be a first line of defense |
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| flushing by urine, acidity of vagina |
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| What does microbial antagonism do? |
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| prevents the colonization of new arrivals |
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| What does microbial antagonism create? |
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| competition for colonization sites |
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| What produces bateriocins? |
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| microbial antagonism |
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| Define second line of defense (still nonspecific immunity) |
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| cellular, chemical responses |
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| What can be a symptom of the second line of defense? |
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| fever |
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| When are interferons produced? and what are they |
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| second line of defense, they are a class of molecules that all tissue can produce for defense |
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| When is the complement system activated? |
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| second line of defense |
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| When does inflammation occur? |
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| second line of defense |
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| When do phagocytes undergo chemotaxis? |
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| second line of defense |
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| When does phagocytosis occur? |
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| second line of defense |
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| What synthesizes transferrin? |
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| the liver |
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| What stores and delivers iron to cells? |
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| transferrin |
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| What hold iron hostage and deprives pathogen of it? |
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| transferrin |
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| What stimulates fever? |
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| pyrogens |
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| What stimulates activity of WBCs |
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| pyrogens ( or fever ) |
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| What reduces plasma iron? |
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| pyrogens ( or fever ) |
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| What is interleukin-1 |
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| chemical messengers that coordinates immune response that tells there is a problem |
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| What slows down and kills pathogens? |
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| fever |
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| What causes the achey feeling when you're sick? |
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| interferons |
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| Define interferons |
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| small, antiviral proteins (made in response to a viral cell) |
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| What produces interferons? |
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| virus-infected cells |
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| What two things do interferons prevent? |
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| virus replication in non-infected cells and the spread of the virus |
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| What is the complement system? |
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| a group of ~30 proteins in blood plasma that complements specific activity of the immune system |
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| What is the complement cascade? |
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| The interaction of the 30 proteins occurs in a stepwise manner |
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| What are the major consequences of the complement system? |
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| initiation and amplification of inflammation, attraction of phagocytes to sites where they are needed, activation of leukocytes, lysis of bacteria and other foreign cells, increaesd phagocytosis by phagocytic cells |
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| Where do you find acute phase proteins |
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| in plasma |
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| What do acute phase proteins do? |
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| enhance resistance to infection. They increase in response to infection, inflammation, tissue damage |
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| What do acute phase proteins promote? |
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| tissue repair |
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| What is C-reactive protein |
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| It helps to intensify the preparation process |
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| What do cytokines do? |
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| help to coordinate the response of the immune system |
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| Define cytokines |
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| chemical messengers released from many types of cells |
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| What allows cells to communicate? |
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| cytokines |
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| What causes some type of response in the cell sensing the it? |
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| cytokines |
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| What is inflammation? |
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| response to local injury, irritation, microbial invasion, or bacterial toxins |
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| What are the three major events of inflammation? |
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| increase in capillary diameter, increased permeability of capillaries, egress of leukocytes |
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| What helps to keep infection localized |
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| inflammation |
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| What prevents the spread of microbial invaders? |
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| inflammation |
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| What neutralizes toxins? |
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| inflammation |
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| what aids in tissue repair |
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| inflammaion |
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| What is phagocytosis? |
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| surrounding and ingesting foreign material |
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| What are the 3 granulocytes? |
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| neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils |
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| What are macrophages |
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| Really agressive, they do better than PMNs. |
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| What are the 4 steps to phagocytosis? |
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| chemotaxis, attachment, ingestion, digestion |
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| Leukocidin |
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| will kill off phagocytes |
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| What are the 5 ways to avoid phagocytosis? |
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| capsules, leukocidin, waxes in cell walls, inactivate phagolysosome, prevent fusion of lysosome and phagosome |
