non-communicable & communicable diseases – Flashcards
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what 3 ways do you get non-communicable diseases
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hereditary, congenital, and autoimmune
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hereditary
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passed down from parents through the genes
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congenital disease
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a disease present from birth but NOT inherited
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autoimmune
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the immune system attacks and damages an organ of his or hers own body
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non-communicable diseases
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you can't catch the disease from viruses or microorganisms
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what are examples of non-communicable diseases
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sickle cell anemia; cancer; diabetes; multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy
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disease
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any harmful change in your body's normal activities
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is cancer a non-communicable or communicable disease
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non-communicable
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common colds are caused by what
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viruses
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what is the most common form of cancer
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skin cancer
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hereditary disease
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a disease caused by defective genetic information passed from one or both parents to a child (DNA, which serves as codes or messages)
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information about you carried from your parents to you through cells called what
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chromosomes (23 pairs)
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what are genes
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serve as codes for a particular bit of inherited info
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T/F The genes you inherit from your parents determine many of your characteristics?
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True
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examples of autoimmune diseases
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MS, Type 1 Diabetes, Rheumatoid Arthritis
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Rheumatic fever
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happens when the heart valves are affects and can lead to rheumatic heart disease
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you can get rehumatic fever after which illness
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strep throat; symptoms could be 5 weeks after strep throat
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some common causes of congenital disease are?
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alcohol; falling (head trauma), pollution, radiation
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what drug can cause a serious congenital disease
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alcohol
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the effects of FAS include what
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low birth weight, mental retardation, facial deformities, and heart defects
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why is there genetic testing?
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parents find risk of passing on a disease
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what are some diseases that can be tested?
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Tay Sachs, Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle Cell Anemia, Down's Syndrome
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when is the test amniocentesis given for a woman who is pregnant?(what time in her pregnancy)
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end of the 1st trimester
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Sickle Cell Anemia
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malfunction of the hemoglobin inside the red blood cells
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what happens to the red blood cells during a crisis of Sickle Cell anemia
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red blood cells rupture easily and stick to the smallest blood vessels(capillaries)
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who does a person get Sickle cell anemia
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inherited - must receive SC gene from each parent
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can carriers of one gene show symptoms under extreme circumstances for sickle cell anemia
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yes
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what races or cultures are affected by sickle cell anemia
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any place with high influence of malaria; African-American, Arabian, Greek, Italian, Indian
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what percentage of African-American people carry gene for sickle cell anemia
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10%
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what is the treatment of sickle cell anemia
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blood stem cell transplant
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what drug treats sickle cell
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hydroxyurea
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cystic fibrosis
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hereditary disease that results in the secretion of very thick mucous in the lungs and digestive tract
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cystic fibrosis can lead to what
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may lead to lung damage and mucus buildup and may affect pancreas and digestion
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signs and symptoms of cystic fibrosis
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coughing, wheezing, vomiting, constipation
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symptoms of cystic fibrosis can be treated by what
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physical therapy, medicaitons to loosen mucus; use of oxygen
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is cycstic fibrosis a serious disease
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it can be fatal and must be inherited from both parents
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Tay-Sachs Disease
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caused by a defective gene that causes fat to accumulate in the brain, destroying normal brain tissue
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death from Tay-Sachs disease occurs by what age
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3-4
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what are some symptoms of Tay-Sachs disease
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seizures, blindness and mental retardation
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what families are at greatest risk for contracting Tay-Sach disease
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Eastern European
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muscular dystrophy
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a genetic disease in which the person lacks a protein needed for muscle function that causes muscles to weaken and degenerate. Person will eventually lose control of their muscles
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most common form of muscular dystrophy
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Duchenne
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Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy affects boys or girls
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boys
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is there presently a cure for muscular dystrophy
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no
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why are researchers hopeful for a cure for Duchenne muscular dystrophy
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the gene responsible has been identified
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cancer
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uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells forming masses inside otherwise normal tissue
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what is an abnormal mass of tissue that has no natural role in the body
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tumor
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what are the two types of tumors
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benign and malignant
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benign
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non-cancerous; grows slowly
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malignant
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cancerous; can spread to neighboring tissues thru lymph nodes
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what is metastasis
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spread of cancer from the original spot
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is cancer contagious
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no
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is cancer caused by injury or bruising
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no
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factors that may contribute to cancer
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tobacco, alchohol, UV rays, diet, weight, exposure to chemicals, air pollution
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lymphona - Hodgkin's cancer
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cancer of the immune system
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leukemia
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cancer of the blood-forming organs
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carcinoma
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cancers of the glands and body linings; skin and linings of the digestive tract and lungs
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sarcoma
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cancers of connective tissue; bones, ligaments, muscles
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leading cancer in males
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prostate
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leading cancer in females
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breast cancer
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there is ____ more African-American males with prostate cancer than Causcasion
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1.5 times more
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is breast cancer more prevalent in Caucasaion familes or African-American
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Caucasian
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7 warning signs of cancer
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CAUTION: change in bowels, sore doesn't heal; unusual bleeding; lump somewhere; indigestion or difficulty swallowing; change in wart or mole; cough or hoarseness
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skin cancer is caused from what
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overexposure to sun
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is skin cancer easily detectable?
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yes because it is plainly visible
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what is most common skin cancer
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basal cell; doesn't really spread
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second most common form of skin cancer
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squamous cell; slower growing and may spread to other parts
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most dangerous skin cancer
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malignant melanoma
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what % of Americans who live to 65 have had skin cancer
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45%
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does skin cancer start from childhood or later in life
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skin cancer occurs mostly after age 50 but starts from childhood
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what % of skin cancer could have been prevented if people used sunscreen
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78%
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types of cancer treatment
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surgery, radiation, chemo, immunotherapy
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radiation therapy
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high energy radiation to kill the cancer cells
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chemo
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uses drugs to attack cancers
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immunotherapy
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drugs used to stimulate the body's own immune system to attack cancer cells
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Parkinson's disease
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brain disorder that causes muscle tremors, stiffness, and weakness
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signs and symptoms of Parkinson's
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rigid posture, slow movement; fixed facial expression
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is intellect affected in Parkinson's
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not affected until late in disease-speech is slow
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what treatment is there for Parkinson's
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medications, pt, surgery
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is there a cure for MS
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no
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what treatment is there for MS
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pt, medications, avoidance of stress
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multiple sclerosis
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a chronic progressive nervous disorder involving loss of myelin sheath around certain nerve fibers
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what part of immune system is attacked from MS
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fatty covering of nerves (myelin) is slowly destroyed
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symtpoms of MS
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vision and speech problems; dizziness; stiffness of limbs; paralysis, emotional disturbance
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what triggers the attack of MS on autoimmune system
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unknown as to what triggers MS
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Type I Diabetes (5-10% of cases)
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formally called Juvenile Onset; caused by an autoimmune attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas
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insulin
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hormone made by pancreas
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when does Type I diabetes occur
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usually before age of 20
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Type I diabetes
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insulin dependent diabetes; meaning no insulin pill or injections
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symptoms of Type I diabetes
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excessive thirst, hunger, urination, low energy, vision change, unexplained weight loss
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what test can determine if person has diabetes
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blood test
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what will happen if diabetic does not receive enough insulin
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diabetic coma - fever, appear ill, vomit, thirst
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insulin shock
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weakness, moist skin, convulsion due to too little sugar or too much insulin
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if a person goes into insulin shock, what do you give them
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sugar, orange juice
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what treatment should a diabetic follow
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maintain insulin, health, designed diet, exercise, avoid tobacco
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diabetes can lead to what organ failure
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kidneys
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Type II Diabetes
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formally called Adult Onset; usually starts after 35
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with Type II, people become insulin dependent or resistant?
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insulin resistant
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insulin
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helps blood sugar enter the body's cells
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what is the body's major source of energy
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blood sugar
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Type II treatment
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may need to take insulin later on
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what happens when blood sugar can't enter into a person's cells to provide energy
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there is a build up of glucose in the blood and starves cells of energy they need
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Type II diabetes can lead to which illnesses
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kidney failure, blindness, heart disease and stroke
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what are some factors that contribute or cause the onset of Type II
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diet, exercise, weight loss, life style
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how can a person control Type II
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change diet, exercise more, change life style or medication
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gestational diabetes
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occurs in females during pregnancy
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how is gestational diabetes treated
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usually treated with diet and disappears after birth of baby
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allergies
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an overreaction of a person's immune system to a common substance such as dust, pollen, certain foods, mold spores or animals
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Can a person inherit allergies
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yes
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how many people are affected by allergies
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40-50 million
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what are some allergic reactions people may have
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pollen, food, dust, chemicals, insect venom, animals
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what is the best way to avoid an allergic reaction
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antihistemine
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what is asthma
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when the air passages become constricted
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what happens to the linings of the air passages with asthma
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they become filled with mucous
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how many people suffer from asthma
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17 million
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how many people die per year due to asthma
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5000
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is there effective treatment for asthmatic victims
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medication-brachiodilator
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can asthmatics perform in strenuous sports or exercises
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yes, use an inhaler
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Down's syndrome
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people with this have an extra copy of chromosome 21 (normally 23)
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which chromosome is one of the smallest chromosomes
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21
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cerebral palsy
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caused by damage to the brain; a form of paralysis that makes it impossible for a person to control their muscles
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random contraction of the muscles is knowns as this?
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spastic paralysis
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do most people have normal intelligence and capable of achievement
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yes
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what are some causes of cerebral pasly
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lack of oxygen during birth; exposure during pregnancy to drugs, radiation
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treatment of cerebral palsy
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pt, speech therapy, meds, assistive devices, surgery
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epilepsy
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a disease in which electrical activity in the brain becomes abnormal for short periods
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is epilepsy mental retardation
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no
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grand mal seizure
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loss of consciousness; may fall to floor and thrash around
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what should I do if a person is having a grand mal seizure
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make sure they don't swallow tongue, turn them to the side
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petit mal epilepsy
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go blank for a minute or two; no convulsions
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psychomotor epilepsy
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no fall, no convulsion; may repeat movement over and over
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causes of epilepsy
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hereditary, congenital, head injury, tumor
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systemic lupus - erythematosus
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condition in which connective tissue becomes inflamed - immune system attacks itself
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systemic lupus affects what organs
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skin, kidneys, joints, muscles, CNS
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symptoms of lupus
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fatigue, fever, loss of appetite, nausea, joint pain, weight loss
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Reye's synddrome
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a life-threatening metabolic disorder in young children, of uncertain cause but sometimes precipitated by aspirin
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stroke
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a sudden loss of consciousness resulting when the rupture or occlusion of a blood vessel leads to oxygen lack in the brain
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hemophilia
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a hereditary disease where blood does not coagulate to stop bleeding
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hypertension is considered what?
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140-90
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what are the three major types of blood vessels
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veins, arteries, and capillaries
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heart attack
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a sudden severe instance of abnormal heart function
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left ventricular assistance device
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a mechanical circulatory device used to partially or completely replace the function of a failing heart
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stent for the heart
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a small mesh tube that's used to treat narrow or weak arteries
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high blood pressure
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when blood pressure stays elevated over time
