Neuman Systems Nursing Theory – Flashcards
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Who developed the Neuman Nursing Theory?
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Betty Neuman
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Where is Neuman from?
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Ohio
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Where was Neuman a professor at?
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UCLA
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What type of practice did Neuman work in?
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Family therapy
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Neuman is a fellow of what organization?
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American Academy of Nursing
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Aim of Neuman system model:
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to set a structure that depicts the parts and subparts and their interrelationship for the whole of the client as a complete system
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Neuman client system is conceptualized as:
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Individual, family, group, community, sometimes entire societies/global
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Neuman model is a(n) _____________ system.
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Open
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Open systems:
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Have boundaries, interact with the environment and each other, dynamic, becomes more complex, input/throughput/output
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System
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Set of objects or elements that interact to achieve a specific goal; has boundaries that separate them from other systems (Ex: heart muscle tissue, a family)
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Open systems are _________ systems.
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Living
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Central core of Neuman model:
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Consists of basic survival factors (normal temperature range, genetic structure, response pattern, organ strength/weakness, ego structure). Basic components, energy resources, wholistic interactions.
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Interacting system variables
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Physiological, psychological, socio-culture, developmental, spiritual
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Lines of Resistance
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Defenses activated by the client system when internal or external environment factors stress the client system. These protective mechanisms ALREADY EXIST in the client system and are triggered. (Ex: WBCs, immune system mechanisms)
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Normal Line of Defense
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Clients normal or usual wellness level. Represents what the client has become/evolved over time. Defines stability and integrity of client system. Standard against determining variance from wellness. Increases/decreases as client responds to stressors.
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Flexible Line of Defense
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Forms the outer boundary of the defined client system. Acts as a protective buffer system for clients normal line of defense. Prevents stressor invasion. Lines expand/contract depending on protection available to client at any point in time. (Ex: immunizations, vitamins, exercise, education)
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Three distinct environments influence Neuman system:
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Internal, External, Created (environment)
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Internal environment
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INTRApersonal within the system
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External environment
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INTERpersonal within the system
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Created environment
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Unconsciously developed by the client
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Stressors can be:
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Positive or negative, depending on clients perspective
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When stressors penetrate flexible and normal lines of defense and lines of resistance, what two things happen?
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Energy depletion and system instability
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System stability can be affected by what?
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Internal and external environment factors (stressors)
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Types of stressors:
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Intrapersonal, interpersonal, & extrapersonal
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Intrapersonal stressors
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Happen within the client system boundary
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Interpersonal stressors
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Occur in the external environment but proximal to the client system boundary
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Extrapersonal stressors
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Those that occur distally to the client system boundary (Ex: community resource)
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Optimal system stability
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Different for everybody. Optimal wellness is the greater possible degree of system stability (health) at a given point in time.
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Variance from wellness
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The difference from the normal or usual wellness condition. Varying degree of system instabilty
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Illness is a state of ___________ with disrupting needs unsatisfied.
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Insufficiency
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Reconstitution
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When you return to normal level of wellness. May stabilize the system to a lower level or return to level of wellness prior to illness.
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Neuman's Nursing process assessment includes:
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Wholistic assessment of actual and potential stressors, client variables (age/gender), & boundary impact (stressors impact people differently)
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The nurse in the Neuman model:
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Determines clients perspective BEFORE analysis and synthesis of data. Uses communication skills to validate and clarify the client's perspective.
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What is UNIQUE to Neuman model?
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The patient becomes part of the plan and together with the nurse, they develop the complementary perceptual understanding
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Perception can influence a client's _________ & _________ to a stressor
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response & resistance
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Primary prevention
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Actions taken BEFORE there is any disease process
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Secondary prevention
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Screening, case finding, early diagnosis, treatment
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Tertiary prevention
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Post acute care, retraining and prevention of additional squeals or concerns
