Myers Chapter 9 – Memory
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memory
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the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 349)
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encoding
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the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 351)
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flashbulb memory
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a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 351)
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long-term memory
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the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 351)
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retrieval
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the process of getting information out of memory storage. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 351)
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sensory memory
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the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 351)
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short-term memory
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activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 351)
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storage
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the retention of encoded information over time. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 351)
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working memory
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a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 352)
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automatic processing
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unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 353)
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effortful processing
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encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 354)
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rehearsal
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the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 354)
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spacing effect
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the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 355)
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acoustic encoding
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the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 356)
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semantic encoding
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the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 356)
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serial position effect
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our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 356)
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visual encoding
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the encoding of picture images. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 356)
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imagery
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mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 358)
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mnemonics
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memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 358)
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chunking
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organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 359)
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echoic memory
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a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 362)
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iconic memory
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a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 362)
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long-term potentiation
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an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 365)
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amnesia
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the loss of memory. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 367)
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explicit memory
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memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (Also called declarative memory.) (Myers Psychology 8e p. 367)
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implicit memory
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retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called procedural memory.) (Myers Psychology 8e p. 367)
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hippocampus
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a neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 368)
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recall
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a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 370)
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recognition
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a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 370)
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relearning
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a memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 370)
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priming
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the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 372)
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déjà vu
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that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 373)
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mood-congruent memory
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the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 374)
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proactive interference
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the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 379)
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retroactive interference
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the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 379)
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repression
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in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 381)
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misinformation effect
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incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 383)
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source amnesia
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attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 384)
