Myanmar: Physical Geography, Historical Geography – Flashcards
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Tenasserim coast, Irrawaddy Delta, Arakan Mountain Range, Shan Plateau, Central Irrawaddy Valley, Northern Highlands, and Kachin State/Chin State
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General Sub-regions
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Irrawaddy/Chindwin, Salween
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Major Rivers
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Yes
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Is there high topographic relief?
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Dry Belt-non-coastal Myanmar, Inle Lake, and various ranges
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Other Topographic regions
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Typhoons, and Tsunamis
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Environmental Hazards
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Hurricane Nargis
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Worst natural disaster in recorded history of Burma, 146,000 fatalities, damages estimated over $10 billion U.S. dollars, relief efforts resisted by country's military
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Copper and Bronze artifacts, wet-rice agriculture/ pigs and chickens
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1500 BC
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Iron Implements, and long-term settlements and trade
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500 BC
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By early centuries AD
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Complex irrigation systems, walled cities and state level societies, trade from China and Afghanistan, early evidence of Buddhism, city state of Prome (Pyay) 4th century
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Prome (Pyay)
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city of 2 miles across, massive circular walls, green glazed bricks and stupas, Nun Zhao Empire 832 A.D.
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Pagan Kingdom
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849-1287, multi-ethnic and multi-religious empire, but Buddhism dominant
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Anirudda
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1st person to unify entire Irrawaddy Valley and beyond, followed a number of other kings, capital at pagan, controlled trade from coasts of China and straits of Malacca, Pagan Kingdom
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Mongols
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Who hastened end of Pagan Empire
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No
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Did the Mongols ever succeed in taking over?
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Pegu
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What was the richest and most power successor state after the Pagan Empire? Most residents spoke Mon
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Rise of Bayinnaung and Taungoo Dynasty
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1486-1752, Came from a Kingdom in the North and was Burmese, mid 1500's began conquering his neighbors and re-uniting Burma, Empire stretched from modern day India to modern day Thailand
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Arakan Kingdom
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On the Bay of Bengal, Capital was Miapauk-U (Monkey Eggs), eventually taken over by Bayinnaung, Great ethnic diversity, slave trade, piracy, and trade, Suffered attacks by Mughal Empire, and Earthquakes
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Civil war and rise of Alaungpaya
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Southern rebellion captures Pegu and takes control of most of Burma, Alaungpaya rises to power in the north, English and French involvement
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Konbaung Dynasty
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Last dynast of Burma before British takeover, sometimes called Alaungpaya Dynasty, expantionist, sacks Ayutthaya, capital is Ava
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Mandalay
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1859 captical mooved from Ava to...
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Classical Period
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Coastal and river areas for many years controlled by Mon speakers, Central Irrawaddy heartland of Burmese, Mountains and Hinterlands where Karen, Chin, Shan, etc. reside
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7th century AD
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When did Buddhism become the most followed religion in Burma?
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2nd century AD
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When did Burmans migrate to the area?
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Buddhism
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What remains a strong source of identity and centripetal force still in the country today?
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Siamese, Mongols, Chinese, Mughals, and Mons
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Before British take over Burma survived conflicts with who?
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No
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Is there separation between religion and government? (Before British takeover)
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countries mountainous fringe
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Wet-rice agriculture dominates? (Before British takeover)
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Shifting capitals
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Burma has (Before British take over)
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3 separate wars
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How did British take over Burma?
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1st Anglo-Burmese war
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1824-1826
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2nd Anglo-Burmese war
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1852-1853
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3rd and final Anglo-Burmese war
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1885
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clear borders, separation of religion and state, resource exploitation, agricultural commercialization and opening of lower Irrawaddy Delta, importation of workers from India, nationalistic movements for independence, certain ethnic groups favored over others
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Results of Anglo-Burmese wars and British colonialism?
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Burma During WWII
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Japanese and Burma National Army capture Rangoon and cut off supply links from India to China, take Mandalay
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Aung San U
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Trained with Japanese and helped repel allies, Minister in the Ba Maw puppet government, formed Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League in 1944, architect of Burmese independence and its new constitution, assassinated just before independence
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Ne Win
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Prime Minister of Burma from 1958-1960 and 1962-1974, founder and chairman of Burma Socialist Party from 1963-1988,
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State Peace and Development Council SPCD
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Seized power in 1988, Originally known as State Law and Order Restoration Council, replaced the Burma Socialist Programme Party.
